https://www.indiatoday.in/education...-sacrifices-in-world-war-i-1398762-2018-11-29
Indian army's unsung role and sacrifices in World War I
Men of Indian Army were heroes, some recognised but mostly unsung. Their stories and their heroism have long been omitted from popular histories of the war.
UPDATED: November 29, 2018 16:58 IST
English and Indian soldiers of the Lucknow Cavalry Brigade relaxing in a farmyard at HQ, 1915 (Image: British Library)
World War I literally hit the world like never before. It was one of the greatest watersheds of the 20th century geopolitical history. While the war was contained to the period from 1914 to 1918, it continued to define the status of world politics until the second world war.
From 1914 to 1918, it entangled almost all of Europe, the middle East, and Russia, and from 1917, also the United States of America. The 'central powers' entailing Germany, Austria-Hungary and Turkey (the Ottoman Empire) were defeated against the 'allies' France, Great Britain, Russia, Italy, Japan and United States.
Sir Claude Auchinleck, Commander-in-Chief of the Indian Army once said "Britain couldn't have come through the wars if they hadn't had the Indian Army."
Approximately 1.3 million Indian soldiers served in World War One, and over 74,000 of them lost their lives. But history has mostly forgotten these sacrifices, which were rewarded with broken promises of Indian independence from the British government, writes Shashi Tharoor.
World War I led to the fall of four great imperial dynasties (Germany, Russia, Austria-Hungary and Turkey) and destabilised European society, apart from sowing the seeds of second world war.
Role of Indian Army in World War I
Men of Indian Army were heroes, some recognised but mostly unsung. Their stories and their heroism have long been omitted from popular histories of the war.
Khudadad Khan became the first Indian to be awarded a Victoria Cross. He was a machine gunner with the 129th Baluchi Regiment. A total of 11 Victorian Crosses were won by Indian soldiers.
Others are Mir Dast, Shahamad Khan, Lala, Darwan Negi, Gabbar Negi, Karanbahadur Rana, Badlu Singh, Chatta Singh, Gobind Singh and Kulbir Thapa.
The army played a vital role in the victory of 'allies' while India was under the British colonial rule. It provided in large numbers and distinctly to the European, Mediterranean and the Middle East halls of war, obviously from the British side.
Geopolitical map of World during WWI (Image: RSTV)
During this time, India was struggling for self-rule and dominion status under British if not for complete freedom.
The Indian Army was taken into the war without consulting the Indian leaders. The army fought the war hoping the British would award the country independence in return.
- Approximately 13 lakh Indian soldiers served in World War I out of which over 74,000 lost their lives
- Indian Army served in France, Belgium, Egypt, Mesopotamia, Gallipoli, Sinai among other locations
- India also supplied various equipment for war along with animals required for battle
- The Indian Army fought the German Empire on the Western Front and German East Africa (a German colony in the African Great Lakes region)
- The Western Front became the main theatre of WWI when it was opened by Germany by invading Luxembourg and Belgium which bordered France
The Treaty of Versailles signed on June 28, 1919, officially put an end to World War I.
The New York Times in 1918 wrote, "The world must pay India in whatever India wants, for without Indian products, there would be greater difficulty in winning the war."
At that time, India gifted as high as 100 million British Pounds (Rs 893 crore) to Britain to fund their war in hope of dominion status and home rule in return. India also supplied as much as 37 lakh tonnes of supplies to the British.
An estimated 12 lakh horses and mules were used by Britain during World War I. It is believed, the animals India provided were the finest and this proved to be a game changer during the war.
However, India was denied its promise after the war ended. Instead, the country was 'awarded'
Rowlatt Act (The Anarchial and Revolutionary Crimes Act of 1919) that effectively authorized the British government to imprison any suspected person for up to two years without a trial.
How the Indian Army came into existence
1774-1895: During this time, there was no Indian Army but presidency armies-- composed of Bengal Army, Madras Army and Bombay Army. They served three presidencies of the East India Company's rule in India.
After the rebellion of 1857, the British Crown took control of them.
Presidency armies were engaged in wars to extend British control in India and beyond. These forces were indulged in Mysore, Maratha and Sikh wars and also took part in Burma, Afghan and Opium wars.
1895-1902: The Indian Army came into existence as the
British Indian Army after presidency armies were merged. It included British and Indian sepoy units.
The army took part in both world wars. It had four commands -- northern, southern, eastern and western.
1903-1947: It was the time when British followed the Kitchener Reforms and formed the 'Army of India' after it added '
British Army in India' to the 'British Indian Army'.
British Army in India consisted of British Army units posted to India. It was part of a contingency plan in case the British Indian Army rebels against the crown