Import duty isn't paid by China, it's paid by Indians.
If you slap a 10% *insert whatever duty/cess/tax* on a 10,000-rupee Oppo cellphone, the Indian consumer pays 11,000 out of his pocket instead of 10,000, and the extra 1,000 is collected by Oppo to pass on to the Indian exchequer. China makes the same amount of money as it used to.
What we can do instead, is anti-dumping. Since the new Chinese law makes CCP participation mandatory in private Chinese companies, we can use that fact to withdraw market-economy status under WTO to Chinese firms, levying anti-dumping fees. These are heavier, and while Indian consumers end up paying these too, they're heavy enough to make Chinese products uncompetitive in the market.
But no matter what you do, the age of cheap products thanks to China is over.
I remember in 2005 my parents paid 30,000 for a 1.5 ton split AC in their bedroom. Today a similar 1.5-ton split AC is still 30,000 in the market despite vast currency depreciation/inflation. Why? Because our AC manufacturers import indoor-units, radiators, and compressors from China to keep their ACs priced at 30,000 for a 1.5-tonner. All these things will begin changing.