First, the difference between the speeds of rotation causes Coriolis force which is an imaginary force, a mathematical construction to get a picture of the difference in the force required to reach the destination after taking the effect of Earth's rotation
The initial velocity correction can't be done in air launch as the direction of velocity will not be constant. Taking North as 0 degree, let usa say the ppane was flying in direction if 34 degree or 36 degree. This is difficult to calculate. Also, ballistic missiles are preprogrammed simple missiles that need a specific launch condition. Adjustment in launch condition may not be possible. Also, the important aspect if ballistic missile is that the direction if acceleration is upwards in parabolic path. Forward acceleration in a flat line is not done in BM. The shaurya type missiles are not BM.
Missiles can be launched from a plane. But that won't be ballistic missile. It can be precision guided missile but will not follow parabolic path
You are conceptualizing the whole thing in a wrong perspective.
Whenever you release a body from a moving platform to fall free, it would have its own relative velocity. Now velocity being a vector quantity does have associated numbers like speed, direction, magnitude. At any given moment of time these numbers could be calculated or could be pre-programmed.
In case of recent Brahmos firing, you might have noticed how the missile has undergone a free fall before firing its engine. So its relative velocity at the time of fall is equal to what it was during release and its direction too was what the fighter was flying to before release. Now the firing took place because of INS, not because it has been triggered off remotely. In same manner, INS does works in a BM too. The only difference is in firing mechanism. For a ALBM, it would be pre-programmed for it. It would know at what altitude it would have to go off.
Moreover a Bomber or cargo plane would not roam off aimlessly before releasing its payload. It would have its precise location and altitude known to it. Same would go to the missile before release. So you see, there is basically no problem in releasing a BM from plane. Moreover in the video I shared, it had been shown how it fires up. Only problem is to stabilize its fall which is also shown to be taken care of.