D. TURNING THE TIDE: OFFENSIVE TACTICS Units that deployed to Kargil in early May suffered several disadvantages. Soldiers arrived ill equipped for survival in the harsh Himalayan landscape, much less up to the task of defeating a determined foe atop the heights. Units that began to arrive in June adapted to the environment and applied the tactical lessons of the early failures. Initial operations illustrated that massive firepower was essential to permit the infantry to scale the heights. The army massed artillery regiments in Kargil, and infantry battalions retooled their approach to high altitude tactics.
The experience of 2 Rajputana Rifles (2 RAJ RIF) provides an example of a unit that made the right adjustments, and whose victory provided a turning point in the conflict. 1. The Capture of Tololing 2 RAJ RIF, commanded by Lieutenant Colonel (LTC) M.B. Ravindranath, prepared his unit for ground combat at high altitude and won a series of impressive victories. 2 RAJ RIF deployed to Sonamarg from the Kashmir Valley, where it was conducting CI operations. The battalion remained in Sonamarg for a few days before departing for the combat zone in Dras. At Sonamarg LTC Ravindranath initiated planning, forming teams of senior leaders charged with creating a mountain assault doctrine, an acclimatization program, and a logistic support plan.135 These efforts proved to be the determining factor in the battalion’s success.
The battalion requisitioned large quantities of cold weather gear, and limited soldiers’ load to a light assault kit during the attack.136 The acclimatization program, condensed to eight days from the army standard of twelve, resulted in no high altitude illnesses in the battalion throughout the operation (see Table 1). The most significant product of the battalions’ preparation was its approach to high altitude tactics, which it would test on Tololing. 135 Harinder Baweja, A Soldier's Diary: Kargil, The Inside Story, 75. 136 The assault kit weighed 30 pounds (15 kilograms) and contained rations, a sleeping bag and ammunition. Ibid. 51 Days Activity 1-2 Normal road walks with no change in elevation 3-4 Gradual climbing 5-6 Climbing without loads to 15,000 feet 7-8 Climbing to 15,000 feet with full battle load Table 1. 2 RAJ RIF Acclimatization Program. (From: Amarinder Singh, A Ridge Too Far: War in the Kargil Heights 1999, 195) LTC Ravindranath reported to 56 Mountain Brigade on 3 June and received the order to seize Tololing. 18 Grenadiers, still sitting under fire around the peaks and unable to advance, would support 2 RAJ RIF’s attack with suppressive fire. Twenty artillery batteries totaling over 120 guns would support the operation as well.
After a thorough reconnaissance, LTC Ravindranath identified two avenues of approach to the Pakistani positions, over which he could launch multi-directional attacks and achieve surprise.137 He established ammunition and water supply points on each axis. The battalion ferried equipment forward along the approach for two days before the assault. Mules carried the battalion’s machine guns, mortars and ammunition up only a third of the route. Porters had to take over at that point, making a treacherous seven-hour uphill climb. The altitude and terrain restricted porters to making only one trip per day, and forced Ravindranath to use as many as sixty porters continually on each axis. The task of transporting water alone required twenty men daily. On the night of 12 June, a massive six-hour bombardment by all twenty artillery batteries preceded the assault. The companies moved quickly on both axes of advance.
Fire by 18 Grenadiers and the artillery batteries allowed Ravindranath’s troops to seize their initial objectives in a matter of hours. The artillery barrage continued unabated until soldiers reached to within 200 meters of their objectives; at that point, 18 Grenadiers picked up a heavy volume of fire that effectively suppressed the Pakistani positions. By early morning the battalion had captured Tololing Top and beaten back several desperate Pakistani counterattacks.138 Point 5140 fell a week later, on 20 June, following another 137 Harinder Baweja, A Soldier's Diary: Kargil, The Inside Story, 76. 138 Gurmeet Kanwal, Colonel, Indian Army, Heroes of Kargil, 17. 52 multi-directional attack supported by the full complement of twenty artillery batteries. 2 RAJ RIF had given the Indian Army its first major victory in the war, and provided the foothold to move forward to other objectives, primarily the commanding heights of Tiger Hill.
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