India's progress in fusion energy.

[fire starter]

SST-1 : 25th Experimental Campaign

The 25th experimental campaign of the SST-1 tokamak yielded a record 15 days of plasma shots, yielding 300 plasma shots, covering plasma current in the range 60-92 kA, electron density in the range of 6-9x10 18 m -3 and temperatures in the range 200-250 eV. This campaign was dedicated to exploring the limits of Ohmically-driven operation in tokamak SST-1. The first achievement was to increase plasma pulse duration beyond the 450 millisecond limit obtained in the 24th campaign with pure ohmic drive -- an enhanced duration of 650 ms with a plasma current of 65 kA was obtained.

The second achievement was to increase the reproducibility of shots, it was found that impurity generation from plasma-wall interactions was reducing shot duration and peak current, with impurities likely being generated by ECR-driven plasma production close to the outboard limiter.

 

[samsaptaka]

india is involved in high end research activities in fusion energy.

SNIP tokamak.

the saha institute of nuclear physics has India's first tokamak (device used for plasma confinement required for nuclear fusion using magnetic field) it was built by Japanese company Toshiba based on Indian design it gave us first experience on fusion energy research . it is operational since 1987.
View attachment 43880

ADITYA:

it is the first indigenously designed and built tokamak of india . it is situated at institute of plasma research it was commissioned in 1989 and is still operational . it has gone through various upgrades and has given us experience required in fusion physics.
View attachment 43881

SST 1 (steady state superconducting tokamak)

it is also situated at IPR ,SST project was started in 1994, the tokamak was fabricated by 2005 , fully commissioned by 2013 . SST 1 is fully designed and built indigenously it has undergone improvements and upgrade twice.

SST 1 makes use of extreme heat and magnetic field to fuse isotopes to perform thermonuclear fusion . this results in temp. 20 times the sun core magnetic field equivalent to 1000 times earth magnetic field.

INDIA IS ONLY ONE OF THE 6 COUNTRIES TO HAVE SUPERCONDUCTING TOKAMAK AND SST 1 IS THE ONLY TOKAMAK TO OPERATE THE TORODIAL MAGNETS IN A TWO PHASE FLOW OF HELIUM.


SST 1 tokamak has made india one of the most advanced countries in fusion research with a capacity of building fuctional fusion reactor.
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ITER(international thermonuclear experimental reactor)

this is a joint megaproject of EU,USA,China,India ,Russia,Japan and 35 countries to build world largest fusion reactor that can generate 500mw of electricity .
INDIA IS important member in this project with contribution of about 10% on an equal footing with US,Russia,China,Japan and South Korea . 54 segments of ITER are fabricated in india including the base of the 3850 tonne cryostat at the core of system which is biggest component of ITER and perhaps one of the biggest thermo bottle of world. we have commited about 17500 crore to the project and when it will be ready we will have 100% access to its technology.

success in SST 1 project was very important for us to join this project. a team from ITER, France visited the SST 1 control centre in 2005 to see our advancement . finally on 6 Dec 2005 we were accepted as member of ITER.
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SST 2

we are also working on our small fusion reactor capable of producing electricity. it will be next stage of SST project . SST 2 fusion reactor is planned for this.

a group of eminent scientists from IPR is working on design of it . many new features like DT plasma , test blanket module , biological shielding and an improved divertor will be developed. it's construction will start in 2027 because by that time ITER will be completed . land acquisition and other formalities have been done.

DEMO:

after SST there will be huge fusion reactor based on ITER technology to demonstrate commercial scale electricity generation from fusion energy called demonstration power station . it will be build after SST 2

Bro ! Fantastic information. I never even knew that we had ADITYA a nuclear fusion reactor since the 80s itself ! Damn, I only thought whiteys had one . Our fucking useless news channels/paper NEVER EVER show these kind of positive developments. Thank god I found DFI !!

 

[Knowitall]

Bro ! Fantastic information. I never even knew that we had ADITYA a nuclear fusion reactor since the 80s itself ! Damn, I only thought whiteys had one . Our fucking useless news channels/paper NEVER EVER show these kind of positive developments. Thank god I found DFI !!

Im actually happy our news channels have stayed away from all this.

Chutiya Dallas will do all in their power to disrupt this. Better to keep them away.

 

[fire starter]

“E-House” of Cooling Water System developed by India delivered at ITER site

The control unit (Variable Frequency Drives, Electrical Panels etc.) for the ITER Cooling Water System (CWS) equipment like pumps, valves etc. will be housed in a large "E-House". This E-house consists of 7 pieces, of which 4 are main modules and 6 HVAC units.

The whole E-house will be 23.2 m long, 10.5 m wide, 5.8 m high and weighing nearly 100 tons when assembled at ITER site. The shipment of CWS E-House left India in June 2019 from Hazira Port and has now been delivered at ITER Site. The design of the E-House was jointly done by ITER-India and L&T, while the manufacturing was carried out at L&T Hydrocarbon Engineering, Hazira,Gujarat.

 

[asianobserve]

Radical hydrogen-boron reactor leapfrogs current nuclear fusion tech

The results of decades of research by Emeritus Professor Heinrich Hora, HB11's approach to fusion does away with rare, radioactive and difficult fuels like tritium altogether – as well as those incredibly high temperatures. Instead, it uses plentiful hydrogen and boron B-11, employing the precise application of some very special lasers to start the fusion reaction.

Here's how HB11 describes its "deceptively simple" approach: the design is "a largely empty metal sphere, where a modestly sized HB11 fuel pellet is held in the center, with apertures on different sides for the two lasers. One laser establishes the magnetic containment field for the plasma and the second laser triggers the ‘avalanche’ fusion chain reaction. The alpha particles generated by the reaction would create an electrical flow that can be channeled almost directly into an existing power grid with no need for a heat exchanger or steam turbine generator."

HB11's Managing Director Dr. Warren McKenzie clarifies over the phone: "A lot of fusion experiments are using the lasers to heat things up to crazy temperatures – we're not. We're using the laser to massively accelerate the hydrogen through the boron sample using non-linear forced. You could say we're using the hydrogen as a dart, and hoping to hit a boron , and if we hit one, we can start a fusion reaction. That's the essence of it. If you've got a scientific appreciation of temperature, it's essentially the speed of atoms moving around. Creating fusion using temperature is essentially randomly moving atoms around, and hoping they'll hit one another, our approach is much more precise."

"The hydrogen/boron fusion creates a couple of helium atoms," he continues. "They're naked heliums, they don't have electrons, so they have a positive charge. We just have to collect that charge. Essentially, the lack of electrons is a product of the reaction and it directly creates the current."

A small pellet of hydrogen/boron fuel is placed in a large sphere and hit with two lasers simultaneously to create a fusion reaction that directly generates electricity with no steam turbines required
HB11

The lasers themselves rely upon cutting-edge "Chirped Pulse Amplification" technology, the development of which won its inventors the 2018 Nobel prize in Physics. Much smaller and simpler than any of the high-temperature fusion generators, HB11 says its generators would be compact, clean and safe enough to build in urban environments. There's no nuclear waste involved, no superheated steam, and no chance of a meltdown.

"This is brand new," Professor Hora tells us. "10-petawatt power laser pulses. It's been shown that you can create fusion conditions without hundreds of millions of degrees. This is completely new knowledge. I've been working on how to accomplish this for more than 40 years. It's a unique result. Now we have to convince the fusion people – it works better than the present day hundred million degree thermal equilibrium generators. We have something new at hand to make a drastic change in the whole situation. A substitute for carbon as our energy source. A radical new situation and a new hope for energy and the climate."

Indeed, says Hora, experiments and simulations on the laser-triggered chain reaction are returning reaction rates a billion times higher than predicted. This cascading avalanche of reactions is an essential step toward the ultimate goal: reaping far more energy from the reaction than you put in. The extraordinary early results lead HB11 to believe the company "stands a high chance of reaching the goal of net energy gain well ahead of other groups."

“As we aren’t trying to heat fuels to impossibly high temperatures, we are sidestepping all of the scientific challenges that have held fusion energy back for more than half a century,” says Dr McKenzie. “This means our development roadmap will be much faster and cheaper than any other fusion approach. You know what's amazing? Heinrich is in his eighties. He called this in the 1970s, he said this would be possible. It's only possible now because these brand new lasers are capable of doing it. That, in my mind, is awesome."

https://newatlas.com/energy/hb11-hydrogen-boron-fusion-clean-energy/

 

[HariPrasad-1]

My sister had given an interview in this institute in Amadavad which lasted for 2 and half hours. She said that it was the toughest interview she ever faced.

 

[fire starter]

My sister had given an interview in this institute in Amadavad which lasted for 2 and half hours. She said that it was the toughest interview she ever faced.

that's nice I hope she got selected.

 

[HariPrasad-1]

that's nice I hope she got selected.

She was selected but didn't go. She is doctorates in education in Darwin university Australia. She was selected first ever batch of lady commissioned officer. She encountered medical issue there. She was the first candidate to be selected out of 25 girls first batch.

 

[fire starter]

SPIDER Hydrogen Beam Accelerated with ITER-India’s Acceleration Grid Power Supply

The ITER-scale negative ion source - SPIDER was officially launched at NBTF facility Padua in June’2018. Recently it achieved another milestone. SPIDER was operated while applying extraction and acceleration voltages, obtaining the first SPIDER hydrogen beam.

ITER-India contributed the Accelerator Grid Power Supply (AGPS) for SPIDER facility. AGPS provides 8MW power at ( -) 96kV to the beam source of SPIDER for acceleration of negative ions with specific modulation. PSM based 96kV/75A AGPS has been developed with design redundancy of 15% which allows for tolerating SPS modules failure without leaving the ongoing campaign.

The AGPS is designed to turn-off in a time much lower than 100µs to minimize the energy (20J) delivered to the arc in case of short circuit orbreakdown.

AGPS mainly composed of Multi-Secondary Transformers (3nos. 2.8MVA each), Switched Power Supply (SPS) Modules (150nos., 60kW each), FPGA/Real Time based controller and other auxiliaries including passive protection devices. Novel, state of the art technologies for HV insulation such us multiple bushings integrated on large resin insulators and building feedthroughs have been developed.

To ensure described functionalities a single AGPS is controlled by 9 powerful synchronous FPGAs managed by real time controller which support high performance requirement of PSM based HVPS like low ripple, high resolution, programmable rise time, fast dynamics, full depth modulation, fast switching off and fast (~few milliseconds) re -application in case of breakdowns.

AGPS was successfully transferred to IO after completing the Site acceptance test in Sept ’2018. Subsequently it was integrated with Ion source in Feb’2019 and delivered the first beam on 24th May’2019. Integrated demonstration of indigenously developed AGPS on actual load boosts the confidence for home-grown projects.

 

[Karthi]

DRDO Laser Ordnance Disposal System (LORDS) -1000 . Can use to Remote disposal of UXO Soft/thin cased IEDS, Grenade Shells, Hand grenade, plastic cased mine. All subsystems are integrated on to the TATA LSV vehicle for transportation.

 

[fire starter]

Prototype Development of an Alternative Pre-Ionization Source for India's fusion reactor SST-1

In superconducting tokamaks, ECR is considered to be a very efficient pre-ionization source, and hence requires 100% availability during the experiments. In SST-1, pre-ionization is assisted by a 42GHz Electron Cyclotron Resonance (ECR) system. Since SST-1 does not have any other source for pre-ionization, a prototype two spiral antenna assembly has been developed as an alternative source.

The antenna system has been installed in SST-1 1/8th section, located at the MEL and tested with various frequencies (with no magnetic field). Plasma discharges have been obtained at various frequencies, such as 60MHz, 260MHz, 403 MHz and its characteristics are being studied. Plasma discharges were produced inside the SST-1 1/8th section, having a filling pressure of 7.5×10-3 mbar with forward RF power at 850W, 100W and 100W for the frequencies of 60MHz, 260MHz and 403MHz respectively. Plasma density was measured by Langmuir Probe and it was computed to be around ~ 8.4×1015/m3

 

[fire starter]

Prototype of In-Vessel Inspection System(IVIS) for SST 1 fusion experimental reactor . this system helpful in visual inspection of reactors inside Under High Vacuum UHV and high temperature conditions .

 

[Karthi]

One of the chillers which shipped and delivered to ITER site

 

[Karthi]

Cryoplant Termination Cold Box (CTCB) transportation to the ITER site

 

[Karthi]

Ozonation System delivered to ITER site

Ozone will be produced on site by concentrating oxygen from the atmosphere and circulating the oxigen-enriched gaz through a system of glass tubes and high-voltage electrodes—a process called ''Corona discharge''.

 

[fire starter]

The state-of-the-art data center at IPR India's Fusion Research Center.

Spread over an area of ~95 sqm, this 14 rack facility with in-rack cooling and many levels of protection will cater to the current and future computing / IT needs of IPR. To support this facility, a dedicated cooling system as well as a robust UPS system, both with backups have also been established. The health of the racks and other support systems can be remotely monitored to ensure a 24x7 operation of the data center.

The main features of this Data center are ;

(a) Complies with the TIER 3 international standard (ANSI/TIA-942 standard)

(b) Installed modular UPS of 250kW capacity (125KW in N+N mode), upgradable to 400KW

(c) Two air cooled scroll chillers (60TR ca-pacity each) functioning in N+N mode

(d) In-rack cooling system (Liquid Cooling Package) with cooling capacity of 40KW each LCP

(e) Dual independent electrical distribution paths serving the IT equipment / racks. All critical and core IT equip-ment installed in Data Center are dual-powered

(f) Fire rated (120 min) partitions, doors, false floor, false ceiling etc.

 

[Karthi]

Tetrode based Amplifiers have been assembled and integrated with auxiliaries & other sub-systems at ITER-India test facility.

 

[Karthi]

Inertial Electrostatic Confinement Fusion (IECF) device showing glow discharge plasma

 

[Karthi]

Steady State Superconducting Tokamak(SST-1) First Generation Experimental Tokamak

 

[HariPrasad-1]

Excellent information by honorable members on this thread.