Major events that shape modern China——A Century of Great Turbulence
1.1840-1842 First Sino-Anglo War
2.1850-1864 Taiping Rebellion
3.1856-1860 Second Sino-Anglo War
4.1856-1872 Panthay Rebellion
5.1862-1877 Dungan Revolt
6.1883-1885 Sino-French War
7.1894-1895 First Sino-Japanese War
8.1899-1901 Boxer Rebellion
9.1900 Siege of the International Legations
10.1911-1912 Abdication of China's last emperor and establishment of the Repulic of China(ROC)
11.1912-1927 War Lord Era
12.1927-1937 First Phase of Chinese Civil War
13.1937-1945 Second Sino-Japanese War/WWII
14.1945-1949 Second Phase of Chinese Civil War
15.1949 Establishment of the People's Republic of China(PRC) and retreat of the Repulic of China(ROC) to Taiwan
Major Events of Modern China(1840-1949)
1840-1842 First Sino-Anglo War
Qing dynasty ceded Hong Kong island to Britain
1850-1864 Taiping Rebellion
Pseudo-Christian rebellion against Qing dynasty that critically rocked the foundation of the Qing dynasty
1851-1868 Nian Rebellion
Religious rebellion agianst Qing dynasty
1856-1860 Second Sino-Anglo War
Qing dynasty ceded Kowloon island to Britain and Outer Manchuria to Russia
1856-1872 Panthay Rebellion
Islamic rebellion against Qing dynasty
1861-1895 Self-Strengthening Movement
Radical top-down institutional reforms by Qing dynasty
1862-1877 Dungan Revolt
Islamic rebellion against Qing dynasty
1883-1885 Sino-French War
Qing dynasty lost suzerainty over Vietnam to France
1894-1895 First Sino-Japanese War
Qing dynasty lost suzerainty over Korea and ceded Taiwan island to Japan
1898 Hundred Days' Reform
Short-lived bottom-up reform by constitutionalists
1899-1901 Boxer Rebellion
Anti-Christian and anti-foreign movement
1900 Siege of the International Legations
Invasion of the Eleven-Nation Alliance(the United Kingdom, France, Russia, the United States, Japan, Germany, Italy, Spain, Austria-Hungary, Belgium, and the Netherlands) against the Qing dynasty
1900 Mutual Defense Pact of the Southeastern Provinces
Collective neutrality of southeastern provinces during the invasion of 11-nation alliance
1906-1911 Preparative Constitutionalism
Top-down constitutional reforms by Qing dynasty
1911-1912 Xinhai Revolution and abdication of China's last emperor
Revolutions that led to the establishment of the Republic of China(ROC) and the end of 2,132 years of Chinese monarchy(-221BC-1911)
1912-1928 War Lord Era
Power vaccum and destablization caused by the overthrow of the Qing dynasty
1928-1937 First Phase of Chinese Civil War
Civil war between the ROC and the CCP(Chinese Communist Party)
1931-1945 Second Sino-Japanese War/WWII
Nominal cease of fire between the ROC and the CCP and united front against Japanese invasion
1945-1949 Second Phase of Chinese Civil War
Civil war between the ROC and the CCP and retreat of the Republic of China(ROC) to Taiwan island
1949 Founding of the People's Republic of China(PRC)
A communist China was established by Mao Zedong