The gas turbine engine used in supersonic aircraft needs to inhale air to work. However, the engine can only inhale subsonic gas, and direct inhalation of supersonic airflow will cause the engine blades to tremble and damage. Therefore, we need a supersonic inlet (the blue part in the figure below) to decelerate the supersonic airflow to subsonic speed.
The intake duct not only needs to decelerate, but also needs to provide uniform intake for the engine. Because there is friction between the aircraft fuselage and the air, the surface of the aircraft fuselage is often stained with a layer of air with a slower flow rate, called the boundary layer.
In order to prevent the boundary layer from entering the air inlet, there is a gap between the air inlet and the nose of the aircraft in the figure below. This gap is called the boundary layer divider. It is responsible for separating the low-velocity airflow of the boundary layer from the supersonic airflow.
What happens if the boundary layer accidentally enters the inlet? It will cause uneven pressure distribution in the intake duct, with serious consequences. In rare cases, the engine blades are cyclically stressed and tremble, causing metal fatigue and reducing engine life.In severe cases, it will cause extremely dangerous engine compressor stall and surge, damaging the engine
Supersonic fighters work in a wide range of speed and altitude, as well as maneuvering conditions. The higher the altitude, the thinner the air, and the faster the aircraft flies, the greater the air flow through the air intake. However, the engine is very picky, and the intake air flow and pressure must be maintained within a certain range for the engine to work efficiently. To match the working environment of the engine, the intake duct usually requires complex movable parts to adjust the airflow. For example, the adjustable shock cone air inlet of SR-71
When the supersonic airflow encounters a sharp object or a small deflection, an oblique shock wave will be generated, and the oblique shock wave will be reflected inside the intake duct.
The supersonic airflow decelerates to a slower supersonic airflow every time it passes through an oblique shock wave. After 10 oblique shock waves, the supersonic airflow gradually decelerates until it decelerates to a critical point, at which time a positive shock wave will appear.
After the forward shock wave, the supersonic airflow (red area in the figure below) will be decelerated to subsonic airflow (blue area in the figure below), and the airflow at this time can be sucked in by the engine. The deceleration method that passes through many oblique shock waves and one normal shock wave is an efficient deceleration method. The more oblique shock waves passed, the more efficient the deceleration process (the higher the total pressure recovery coefficient).