About Aircraft Carriers in General
I'd like to post a few clarifications regarding building an aircraft carrier so that there is no misinformation or confusion:
Is the island built separately and attached to the hull?
Most modern carriers are built in a modular fashion. Not only the island, but even the hull is built in modules and then it is all put together like a giant zig-saw puzzle. This seems to be the latest trend. This, however, requires powerful lifts and cranes. In the absence of these, the island may be built on the deck itself. Apparently, the Enterprise's island was not built separately.
Do all carriers have crossed flight-decks?
No. Several carriers have been built with a single flight deck, including during the Cold War Era (Sable, United States, Admiral Gorshkov). Crossed flight decks are often used to compensate for a relatively smaller hull length. There is no such classification as 'conventional' AC. The US Navy has classified its ACs as per role (carrier, escort-carrier), and as per size (carrier, super-carrier). Even the term super-carrier is unofficial. This is not to be confused with nomenclature-based-class. The Soviet Navy, on the other hand, has classified their carriers, as Tactical Aviation Cruisers, and they basically have two classes, the Kiev Class and the Kuznetsov Class. Neither of them are comparable to any US Navy AC, because they are inherently different, in doctrine, in role, and when it comes to super-carriers, in size. The USSR planned the Ulyanovsk, the only AC that was comparable to (but smaller than) the Nimitz class, but it was never completed. Moreover, it was also classified as a Heavy Aviation Cruiser, and not as an AC. Helicopter carriers are a different class of aircraft carriers altogether (Moskva Class).
Was the US never interested in Aviation Cruisers?
Of course they were. One example is Cabot.
Why is the Island (bridge) on an aircraft carrier on the Starboard (right) side and not the Port (left) Side?
The first aircraft carriers with islands were HMS Glorious and HMS Courageous, both converted from cruisers. The decision to place the islands on the starboard side was probably due to the routing of the stokehold fan intakes and the boiler uptakes. Ship's engine, boiler and gear rooms are rarely symmetrical about the longitudinal centreline.The fliers of the Royal Naval Air Service would have trained and practised take-offs and landings on these two ships and would therefore have been used to the island to starboard configuration. This is an obvious reason for the following carriers of the Royal Navy to be similar.
When the USS Lexington was designed, she followed the same example. During the First World War many US citizens flew French and British military combat aircraft well before the United States entered the war on the side of the Allies in 1917. Some would have trained with the French and British before and after the US entry and those with carrier experience would also be familiar with carriers having starboard side islands and would have been the nucleus of the burgeoning US Naval Wing.
The design of aircraft carriers until after the Second World War incorporated aircraft lifts (elevators) accessing the below deck hangars located on the carriers' longitudinal centreline which meant that they were on the flight path. The angled deck was developed to enable flying-off to continue while at the same time the forward centreline lift could bring more aircraft up and be stored forward of the island to the right of the angled deck. As it is always advantageous to fly-off into the wind with the carrier going ahead, the siting of the island makes it obligatory for the deck to be angled from starboard to port. The angled deck presents a shorter take off run of course, but the invention of the steam catapult made it viable. The background knowledge and patents for the angled deck and steam catapult were made available by the Royal Navy to the United States Navy both as members of NATO and as what Winston Churchill described as members of 'The English Speaking Alliance'.
References:
HowStuffWorks "Superlifts and Building an Aircraft Carrier"
Modern Marvels — Building Aircraft Carriers — Full Episodes & Video Online — H2 on History.com
USS Sable (IX-81) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
USS United States (CVA-58) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Soviet aircraft carrier Admiral Gorshkov - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Aircraft cruiser - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Moskva class helicopter carrier - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
USS Cabot CVL-28 A light Aircraft Carrier in WW II
Why is the Island(bridge) on an aircraft carrier on the Starboard(right) side and not the Port(left) Side? - Yahoo! Answers
Pictures of the USS Enterprise: First nuclear-powered ship of the United States Navy - dailypress.com