Indian Navy Developments & Discussions

[nitesh]

well nothing new said in this:

http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/premvir-das-chinaindia-at-sea-growth-vs-decline/384128/

 

[RPK]

India host 12-nation naval wargame from February 4

http://beta.thehindu.com/news/national/article98638.ece


India will host the largest four-day naval wargame, Milan-2010, involving 12 nations in the Asia Pacific region from Thursday, in which means to counter terror threats to coastal and island territories would be debated keeping in mind the attacks in Mumbai.

“There would be a discussion (during Milan-2010) on maritime terror and the means to counter the attacks like what happened in Mumbai,” Assistant Chief of Naval Staff (Foreign Cooperation and Intelligence), Rear Admiral Sudharshan Shrikhande told reporters here on Monday.

The seventh edition of the biennial Milan, being organised by the Indian Navy at Port Blair since 1995, would have nine naval ships from eight countries and representatives from four others participating in a tabletop exercises, apart from a passage exercise at sea and a seminar on humanitarian assistance and disaster relief (HADR) from February 4 to February 8.

“The amount of patrolling required for preventing the 26/11 type of attacks in other countries too is the same as in India. So, these issues will be discussed,” Rear Adm. Shrikhande said to a query in this regard.

Among other issues to be discussed would be illegal entry of foreign ships into the waters of the respective countries, just as India had experienced when a North Korean vessel anchored off Andaman and Nicobar Islands last year and had to be apprehended.

Naval ships from Australia, Bangladesh, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Singapore (two ships), Sri Lanka and Thailand, with representatives from Navies of Brunei, Philippines, Vietnam and New Zealand would join the exercise.

A seminar on ‘Navies in Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief’ would be addressed by Indian Naval Chief Admiral Nirmal Verma and inaugurated by Andaman and Nicobar Lieutenant Governor Lt Gen Bhopinder Singh.

India will be represented by four or five ships including its largest Landing Ship Tank and a Fast Attack Craft in the exercise.

Australia would bring its warship HMAS Glenenelg patrol boat for the wargame.

However, there would be no fire power demonstration during the wargame, he said.

“Milan, which started as a small effort with participation from Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Thailand and Indonesia, has today grow into a 13 navies grouping in the Asia Pacific. Only Cambodia will not be attending this time.

Indian Coast Guard too will send its ships and officers for the exercise,” he added.

“The message from the grouping is one of need for maritime cooperation for navies to share knowledge and expertise on their own operational circumstances and to know each other’s operating procedures so that there can be coordinated efforts in times of need,” Rear Adm. Shrikhande said.

He said already Indian Navy was coordinating with Indonesia and Thailand for a structured joint patrol along each other’s maritime borders for about two or three times a year.

 

[RPK]

Malabar’ to be an Indo-U.S. bilateral affair

‘Malabar’ to be an Indo-U.S. bilateral affair

The Hindu : News / National : ‘Malabar’ to be an Indo-U.S. bilateral affair


India has lined up interactions with friendly navies in the coming days both on the waters and at the staff level. The next round of Indo-U.S. joint naval exercise ‘Malabar’ to be held in the Arabian Sea in April-May will be a bilateral affair, a senior naval officer said here on Monday.

The U.S. is likely to bring one of its nuclear submarines, as it usually does for war games with the Indian Navy, Assistant Chief of Naval Staff Rear Admiral Sudharshan Shrikhande said.

Later this week, an Indian Navy initiative will see a gathering of 13 navies during which the participants will discuss combating maritime terror and preventing Mumbai-type attacks.

 

[RPK]

Indo-US naval wargames 'Malabar' to begin in April' 10


NEW DELHI
(PTI): Indian and American navies will hold their annual bilateral 'Malabar' wargame in the Arabian Sea in April-May this year for which the US is likely to bring one of its nuclear-powered submarines.

"The Malabar exercise will be held on the western sea board in the Arabian Sea in April-May and it will be a bilateral wargame," Assistant Chief of Naval Staff (Foreign Cooperation and Intelligence) Rear Admiral Sudharshan Shrikhande said on Monday.

"The US is likely to get their nuclear submarine to the wargame," he told reporters here, but ruled out it going multi-lateral as in 2007 when 25 ships from five countries including Japan and Australia had participated, drawing protest from Left parties.

Shrikande said India would hand over its warship INS Thilangchong to the Maldivian Coast Guard, which was rechristened 'Huravee' by them, after a refit at Visakhapatnam on February 11.

"That apart, Indian Navy and Coast Guard's participation in joint anti-piracy patrol along the Maldivian coast continues with our ships and Dornier aircraft stationed there.

BEL is providing consultancy for Maldives to set up a radar chain on its atolls," he added.

 

[nandu]

"Milan-2010" - naval war game

India to host largest naval war game

New Delhi, February 1
A move aimed at securing the coast and ensuring that incidents like Mumbai terror attacks when foreign militants entered via sea route didn’t happen again, India would be hosting the largest four-day naval war game, ‘Milan-2010’, involving 12 nations in the Bay of Bengal off the coast of Andaman and Nicobar Islands from February 4. The event will be held close to the world’s busiest trade route in the straits of Mallaca.
Terror threat to coastal areas apart from anti-piracy and poaching operations would be debated during the event, Assistant Chief of Naval Staff (Foreign Cooperation and Intelligence) Rear Admiral Sudharshan Shrikhande told reporters here.
There would be a discussion on maritime terror and the means to counter attacks like what happened in Mumbai. He said Indian Navy was already coordinating with Indonesia and Thailand for a structured joint patrol along each other's maritime borders for about two or three times a year.
Among other issues to be discussed would be illegal entry of foreign ships into the waters of the respective countries, just as India had experienced when a North Korean vessel anchored off the Andaman and Nicobar Islands last year and had to be apprehended.
Naval ships from Australia, Bangladesh, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Singapore, Sri Lanka and Thailand, with representatives from the navies of Brunei, Phillipines, Vietnam and New Zealand would join the exercise and also a seminar on “Navies in humanitarian assistance and disaster relief”. It will be inaugurated by Andaman and Nicobar Lieutenant Governor Lt Gen Bhopinder Singh (retd).
Separately, he said the event would be followed by the annual bilateral ‘Malabar’ exercise in the Arabian Sea in April-May this year involving India and USA. For this, the US is likely to bring one of its nuclear-powered submarines. India does
not own one yet.
Sources in the Navy said the Russian nuclear-powered submarine, K-152 Nerpa, will be in India on a 10-year lease by June this year.
The Akula-II class submarine, which India has sought for long, was inducted into the Russian navy in December last. “The Nerpa is expected to join the Indian Navy by June.”
An indigenously developed nuclear-powered vessel, the INS Arihant, was launched in July last. It is at present under construction in Visakhapatnam and is expected to join the fleet in about two years.

 

[nandu]

Indian Navy's largest war game begins in Andaman
Port Blair, Feb 5 (ANI): Exercise Milan, the largest four-day naval war game hosted by India started on Friday with the participation of 12 navies of the Asia-Pacific region within the context of the Indian Navy's "Look East" policy and naval interactions to this effect.
Milan is a biennial gathering of navies of the Indian Ocean region and is held for building friendship and mutual understanding between participating navies. This year's multinational exercise takes place from February 5-8 at Port Blair in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.


The Indian Navy is organizing Milan at Port Blair since 1995, and the seventh edition of this exercise this year will see participation of nine naval ships from eight countries and representatives from four others in a tabletop exercises.

The focus of Milan 2010 will be a passage exercise at sea and a seminar on humanitarian assistance and disaster relief (HADR). This apart, it will promote understanding and cooperation in the areas of common interest and safeguard SLOC (sea lanes of communication) from poaching, piracy and terrorist activities, promote interoperability to the extent possible and engage in joint search and rescue and humanitarian operations. The Indian Navy's initiative will also provide opportunities to promote understanding and camaraderie amongst the navies of the Asia-Pacific region and encourages ship visits, social interactions and cultural presentations by the participating countries.

Naval ships of Singapore (two ships), Sri Lanka, Thailand, Australia, Bangladesh, Indonesia, Malaysia and Myanmar, with representatives from navies of Brunei, Philippines, Vietnam and New Zealand
joining Exercise Milan.

Five ships including its largest Landing Ship Tank and a Fast Attack Craft in Exercise Milan are representing the Indian Navy. Indian Coast Guard is also participating with its ships and officers for the exercise.

So far, six Milans' have been held, in 1995, 1997, 1999, 2003, 2006 and 2008. The event was not conducted in 2001 and 2005 as, in 2001, as the Indian Navy was hosting a significant international event -the International Fleet Review and in 2005, the region was recovering from the after effects of the Tsunami of 26 Dec 2004. By Praful Kumar Singh (ANI)

 

[nandu]

Grouping of 12 navies is not security bloc: Indian Navy chief
Port Blair, Feb 5 Thirteen navies, from India to Australia, gathered here Friday to participate in the largest regional exercise that underlines India's growing reputation as a blue-water maritime power even as Indian Navy chief Admiral Nirmal Verma insisted that the grouping was not a “security bloc” aimed at any one, particularly China.
"Some nations might have maritime boundary claims with various countries. It is more of a coming together not as security bloc but a forum where we can bring security forces together and fight natural and man-made disasters," Verma told reporters here.
The navies of Australia, Bangladesh, Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, New Zealand, the Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Thailand and Vietnam are taking part in theexercise.
The exercise began with an international seminar on Navies in Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief.
According to Verma, the Indian Navy's initiative to bring together different countries does not mean India wants to create hegemony in the region.
“We talk about coming together. India becoming a headmaster is not what we want. There are similar threats which affect every nation. Navies have been able to get rid of the scourge of piracy in the region to a great extent,” Verma added.
However, the navy chief, without naming China, reiterated that the navy was monitoring the increased activities of countries in the Indian Ocean region.
“We take into account what is happening in our region. We are certainly building conventional capability to counter it. But multilateral exercises like this are more of coming together in terms of disaster relief,” Verma added.
Since its inception in 1995 with four countries participating in it, this 7th edition of the biennial Milan exercise is the largest of the series. The scope has expanded from regional navies to a gathering of Asian-Pacific countries.
"The participation shows the tremendous credibility and standing the exercise has come to command in the region," Verma said in his opening address at the seminar. "The armed forces will be the first one to be deployed to the scene of disaster.
"No country will be able to deal with humanitarian crisis single handedly, especially in initial stages."
Of the 12, ships from nine countries are participating while the remaining are represented by their delegations

 

[Dark_Prince]

Russian N-sub likely to join Indian Navy by June '10

New Delhi, Feb 1 (PTI) India is likely to take delivery of a Russian nuclear-powered submarine, K-152 Nerpa, on a 10-year lease by June this year.

The Akula-II class submarine, which India has sought for long, was inducted into the Russian Navy last December after delayed sea trials due to a mishap on board in 2008.

India hopes to train its personnel on board the Russian submarine, to be rechristened INS Chakra, as its expects to operate an indigenously developed nuclear-powered vessel.

It had last July launched nuclear-powered INS Arihant, which is at present under construction in Visakhapatnam and is expected to join the fleet in about two years.

"The Nerpa is expected to join the Indian Navy by June.

It could be inducted in April or May. But, yes, certainly by June," Navy sources said here today.

http://www.ptinews.com/news/495409_Russian-N-sub-likely-to-join-Indian-Navy-by-June

 

[RAM]

String of military airstrips to strengthen Andaman’s defence

Port Blair: Andaman and Nicobar islands will get its air defence infrastructure bolstered with the tri-service military command here working on a project to strengthen a string of airstrips for operating both transport and fighter aircraft. Navy Chief Nirmal Verma told reporters, during on a visit to the Milan 13-nation naval exercise that began today at the strategically important archipelago on India's east, that a couple of airstrips in Shipur and Campbell were being extended to accommodate large sized transport aircraft. Currently, these airstrips, with a length of about 1,000 metres, handle only helicopters.

Moreover, the Andaman and Nicobar Command, set up in 2001 as a joint services formation, would also add to its number of the existing 15 ships stationed here in the near future.

"Shipur airfield is with a short airstrip of about 1,000 metres. We hope to increase it slightly. At the moment, only smaller aircraft are being operated from here. We will also provide night vision facility in the course of time," Verma said.

Naval officers pointed out that the plan was to have a "string of airfields" in the archipelago with the capacity to operate all types of aircraft including fighters such as the potent Sukhois.

The airstrips would also be able to handle large transport aircraft like IL-76 and AN-32s in all of these airfields for better coverage of the region, which is close to the Indian Ocean choke point, the Malacca Straits.

http://www.hindustantimes.com/rssfe...ngthen-Andaman-s-defence/Article1-505655.aspx

 

[Dark_Prince]

Navy: Multi-nation exercise not to create anti-China bloc

Even as India kicked off the largest ever edition of its ‘Milan’ set of exercises, in which 12 countries from the region are participating, Navy Chief Admiral Nirmal Verma has said the multi-nation exercise is not aimed at creating a security bloc against China.
Emphasising that the Milan exercise, in which 12 warships from nations like Australia, Singapore, Malaysia, India and Indonesia are taking part, is aimed at humanitarian relief and disaster management, Verma said, adding that there is no question of it being seen as a security threat by any nation. “Milan is not aimed at the security aspects. Its theme is more at coming together in areas where we can jointly tackle natural and manmade disasters,” he said, interacting with mediapersons after addressing an international seminar on disaster relief operations, which is part of the exercise.

The Navy Chief was answering queries on whether such a large scale exercise — this is the largest build-up of warships in the area in the recent past — would trigger suspicions in China which is steadily increasing its maritime presence in the region. The Andaman Nicobar Command (ANC), incidentally, is the closest Indian naval establishment to China.

China had earlier accused India of trying to create a security bloc against it when the multi-nation Malabar exercise was held near the Andaman Islands in 2007. Beijing had raised fears that a security quadrilateral consisting of the US, India, Australia and Japan, all of which had taken part in the Malabar exercise, was grouping against it in the Indian Ocean Region. Incidentally, several participating countries at Milan too have outstanding maritime border issues with the Asian giant.

Though Admiral Verma on Friday played down speculation of an anti-China bloc he acknowledged that India is strengthening its military infrastructure on the Andaman Nicobar island chain.

While the Army has an assault brigade on the island and the Air Force can operate fighters as well as transport aircraft from different air strips on the island chain, a new all-weather airbase is coming up north of Port Blair.

Meanwhile, after the traditional welcome at Port Blair, officers from all the participating countries took part in a table top exercise code-named ‘Milan Perseverance’. Besides the humanitarian aspect, the table top exercise also focused on jointly dealing with piracy, gun-running and illegal migration.

http://www.indianexpress.com/news/navy-multination-exercise-not-to-create-antichina-bloc/576167/0

 

[nandu]

Indian Navy Learns From Nations with Women Onboard Warships

Port Blair, Feb 7 – Lieutenant Farah al Habshi, the weapons officer on board a Malaysian warship here for a multinational exercise, is a case in point for the Indian Navy, which is wary of inducting women onboard its vessels.
‘I have no problem working onboard with men. We have separate accommodation and I share my cabin with another woman logistics officer,’ said Farah looking professional in her uniform coupled with a head scarf, which is optional for Malaysian armed forces women officers.
Commander Ismail Bin Othoman, the chief of the Malaysian offshore patrol vessel KD Perak on which Farah is posted and which is participating in Exercise Milan, explained just why this was so.
‘Our new ships are designed keeping in mind the future. We have cabins with attached bathrooms which give privacy to the women officers on board and to ensure that they do not have any other problems,’ he said.
Perak is a new generational vessel in the Royal Malaysian Navy and was inducted in July last year.
In contrast, the Indian Navy cites design problems with its ships and submarines, the principal one being lack of separate toilets, for not posting women onboard. On the positive side, it has an open mind on the subject.
A senior Indian Navy officer, after interacting with Farah, said: ‘Of course, her’s is been an example for us to work on improving the working environment for the women onboard our vessels.’
It’s not that the Indian Navy does not have women officers but they are only inducted in the education, logistics, law and air traffic control branches.
Malaysia apart, the Australian Navy which is also participating in the Milan exercise, too has separate facilities for women onboard its warships.
‘Women are serving in all roles right from commanding ships to cooks. We have separate accommodation for them,’ said Lieutenant Commander Shane Doolin of the Australian Navy.
Thirteen navies from the Asia-Pacific region, including hosts India, are participating in the four-day Milan exercise that began Thursday.

 

[ajtr]

India to setup new airbases in Andaman Island

07 Feb 2010 8ak: Increasing security concern and emerging need of revamping security in the Andaman and Nicobar Island has prompted India to set up new airbases and upgrade the existing ones in the Island. The Admiral said that the existing air-strip was not suitable for meeting the security requirements and plans were in place to build new air-strips in the 572 islands to establish better control over the territory and provide adequate security cover to the island, which is 700-km from the mainland.

The airstrip up north (Northern Andaman Islands) needs to be refurbished. Even for smaller aircraft it is a tight fit,' Verma told reporters in Port Blair. Adding further, he said that night landing facilities would also be established at the air-strips.

The airfield at Shibpur is about 1,000 feet in length and is inadequate for smaller cargo aircraft like Dornier and AN-32. Currently, only helicopters are capable of conducting operations from the airfield. Other airbases in the region are situated at Port Blair, Car Nicobar, and Campbell Bay, with plans to establish new ones in Katchul and Hut Bay.

The decision comes at a time when China is focussing on establishing their stronghold in the waters by expanding its navy at an unprecedented pace. Additional airbases would augment the capability of Indian armed forces to enhance the pace of troop mobilisation and logistical support in wake of any Chinese hostility. It will also enable India to extend its sphere of influence South China Sea.

The IAF has also opened three Advanced Landing Grounds (ALGs) in the past two years to counter China’s military expansion. The latest being Nyoma in eastern Ladakh, just 23 km from the Line of Actual Control (LAC) with China, which was opened in September 2009. The other two ALGs are Daulat Beg Oldi, the world's highest airfield at 16,200 feet, in May 2008 and Fuk Che in November in the same year.

The Indian army on its past is modernising their artillery in a US$4 billion modernisation program to counter China. The big neighbour continues to be a threat to India, with whom it has a border dispute and even fought a war in 1962.

 

[ajtr]

Australian Navy agrees to India assuming policing role in Indian Ocean

Port Blair (Andaman and Nicobar Islands), Feb 7 (ANI): Despite tensions rising in India over the racist attacks against Indian students Down Under, the Royal Australian Navy (RAN) has said that it is not against its Indian counterpart assuming a policing role in the Indian Ocean region.

Buzz up!
The RAN wants to have joint operations to counter threats from terrorists, pirates and other criminals in the sea lanes.


The RAN is participating in Exercise Milan hosted by India to bring together navies of the Asia-Pacific region to promote understanding and cooperation in the areas of common interest and safeguard sea lanes from poaching, piracy and terrorist activities, promote interoperability to the extent possible and engage in joint search and rescue and humanitarian operations.

Australia has sent the HMAS Glenelg to participate in Exercise Milan, which started on February 4.

"It is obvious for every country to jointly participate in exercise to counter piracy, criminal activity and terrorism," said Lieutenant Commander Shane Doolin, the commander of the ship.

"Milan is a good example where two navies learn from each other to operate in an emergency situation. The visit so far has been fantastic. We have been continuously supported to explore the environment here," he said.

"We are part of Indian Ocean nations and this exercise is a joint nation exercise witnessing participation of 13 navies in order to provide joint task force to counter threats appearing in the sea lanes," said Lieutenant Commander Shane Doolin.

He added: "We are all partners in the Indian Ocean and in reality this exercise focus' on providing humanitarian assistance and disaster relier relief as quick as possible," he said.

The HMAS Glenelg is a next-generation ship with a crew of 25 members. The offshore patrol vessel is a newly-built ship having state of art satellite navigation system that enables the ship position to be determined with great accuracy.

Lieutenant Commander Shane Doolin said the Indian Navy has experience of combating piracy in the Gulf of Aden and the Australian Navy has maritime experience, which they can use to work together to solve the problems.

Milan 2010 will will also provide opportunities to promote understanding and camaraderie amongst the navies of the Asia-Pacific region and encourages ship visits, social interactions and cultural presentations by the participating countries.

Naval ships of Singapore (two ships), Sri Lanka, Thailand, Australia, Bangladesh, Indonesia, Malaysia and Myanmar, with representatives from navies of Brunei, Philippines, Vietnam and New Zealand joining Exercise Milan. By Praful Kumar Singh (ANI)

 

[RPK]

Lockheed keen to boost India defence supply

Lockheed keen to boost India defence supply | Business | bdnews24.com

NEW DELHI, Feb 8 (bdnews24.com/Reuters) - Lockheed Martin Corp, the world's biggest aerospace company, is keen to supply India with defence equipment including fighters and ships, in deals Indian defence sources say are potentially worth $20 billion.

"We are looking to supply frigates, air defence systems, helicopters. There is a huge horizon to expand," Roger Rose, chief executive of Lockheed's Indian operations, said on Monday.

Several Indian defence officials said the various Lockheed deals under consideration could be worth at least $20 billion.

Lockheed was offering its Aegis naval air defence system to be fitted into seven ships that it hopes to supply to the Indian navy, Rose told Reuters in an interview.

The company is also bidding to supply 16 attack helicopters to the Indian Navy, Rose said.

"India is the first country outside the United States to be offered the MH-60R helicopters. It is a great submarine hunter and submarine killer," Rose said.

India is strengthening its naval presence to protect its maritime interest in the Indian Ocean and inducting dozens of new ships and fighter aircraft to counter other naval powers.

The U.S. company will also buy equipment worth $300 million from Indian firms for six C-130J military planes that it is manufacturing for India, he said.

Lockheed last year sold six military transport planes to India for about $1 billion, which analysts said was a sign of growing ties between New Delhi and Washington and the reversal of India's decades-old reliance on Soviet equipment.

"We are looking at all top Indian companies to source equipment for the C-130J planes, including HAL (Hindustan Aeronautics Limited)," Rose said in New Delhi.

The contracts are being issued to comply with India's policy to manufacture 30 percent equipment locally on all defence deals with foreign companies, Rose said.

India is looking to spend more than $50 billion over the next five years to modernise its weapons systems after the 2008 Mumbai attacks revealed glaring loopholes in the security system.

New Delhi also began field trials last August to buy 126 fighter jets in a $10.4-billion deal to modernise the air force.

Lockheed's F-16 is competing with Boeing's F/A-18 Super Hornet, France's Dassault Rafale, Russia's MiG-35, Sweden's Saab JAS-39 Gripen and the Eurofighter Typhoon, produced by a consortium of European companies, for the contract, one of the biggest in play.

 

[RPK]

Multi-nation exercise Milan concludes successfully in Andaman


Port Blair, Feb 8 (ANI): The multination naval exercise hosted by the Indian Navy at Andaman and Nicobar islands with an aim to build mutual confidence between the navies of the Asia Pacific region successfully concluded with a passage exercise at sea.

The seventh edition of exercise Milan was held within the context of the Indian Navy’s “Look East” policy and naval interactions to this effect. The 2010 edition of the exercise took place from February 4-8 at Port Blair.

The naval officer in-charge of the Andaman and Nicobar command, Commodore P Suresh, took the salute from naval ships of different countries during the passage exercise.

Commenting on the successful conclusion of Milan, Commodore P Suresh said: “The achievement of Milan is that our navy is capable of hosting an event of this nature, building friendship across the seas and to obtain more interoperability.”

The focus of Milan 2010 was to promote understanding and cooperation in the areas of common interest and safeguard sea lanes of communication from poaching, piracy and terrorist activities, promote interoperability to the extent possible and engage in joint search and rescue and humanitarian operations.

“The significance of the passage exercise is that it allows us to streamline communication procedures so that in future if we have to operate together the first and foremost thing is communication interoperability followed by mutual understanding,” said Captain Sunil Kumar, commander of INS Kesari.

Naval ships of Singapore (two ships), Sri Lanka, Thailand, Australia, Bangladesh, Indonesia, Malaysia and Myanmar, with representatives from navies of Brunei, Philippines, Vietnam and New Zealand participated in Exercise Milan.

The Indian Navy was represented by INS Kesari, the largest Landing Ship Tank, a Fast Attack Craft and other ships in Exercise Milan.

So far six Milans have been held, in 1995, 1997, 1999, 2003, 2006 and 2008. The event was not conducted in 2001 and 2005 as, in 2001, the Indian Navy was hosting a significant international event -the International Fleet Review and in 2005, the region was recovering from the after effects of the Tsunami of 26 Dec 2004. (ANI)



More at : Multi-nation exercise Milan concludes successfully in Andaman

 

[RPK]

.....................................

 

[RPK]

........................................

 

[RPK]

................................

 

[RPK]

......................

 

[RPK]

..........................