Indian nuclear submarines
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India’s growing military muscle
India’s growing military muscle
Monday, August 03, 2009
By Talat Masood
The recent launch of an indigenously produced nuclear powered submarine once again brought to fore India’s expanding military capabilities and its ambitions to be a global player. Clearly, when the 6,000-ton Arihant along with the other additional two (or four) of its class are commissioned around 2020 it would be a quantum jump in its strategic posture and assets. Acquisition of a nuclear powered submarines forms part of India’s nuclear doctrine that is based on the concept of triad i.e. developing land, air and sea strike capability and adherence to “No First Use” (NFU). Major nuclear powers consider submersible launched nuclear-tipped missiles critical in terms of providing second-strike capability. Submarines are autonomous under water platforms for launching nuclear-tipped missiles and are relatively safe from enemy action as these are practically noiseless and stealth makes it hard to detect by sonar and radar. Thus they are able to achieve both mobility and surprise. And by escaping detection they can survive adversary’s first strike. Nuclear-powered submarines’ distinct advantage over diesel electric ones is their unlimited endurance in remaining submersed and therefore in a state of readiness. This is the major reason why US, France and few other countries have abandoned the production of conventional submarines and only manufacture nuclear-powered submarines.
In terms of technology too, Arihant is a major breakthrough for India. Manufacturing a submarine requires mastery of a broad range of critical technologies ranging from development of a pressurised water reactor, containment vessel, turbines, sonar and sound navigation and ranging systems, electronics, long-wave communication network and systems integration.
In addition India has undertaken a parallel development of missiles to be launched from submarines. India’s defence production has greatly benefited from the support received from Russia in terms of design, production of major assemblies, training equipment and training of personnel. France, Israel and other countries have also assisted in this project and continue to do so. In the longer term India aims at achieving strategic parity against China through the development of its naval nuclear and conventional capabilities.
Induction of nuclear submarines is directed primarily to remove asymmetry with China that has 11 nuclear and 60 conventional submarines and has recently inducted three new nuclear submarines. Meanwhile, in the coming decade India plans to augment its surface ship fleet by an additional 40 ships.
Both India and China aim at expanding their influence in the waters of the Indian Ocean, Gulf and Malacca straits. They want to secure sea lanes by projecting power. United States and Russia are supportive of India’s ambitions.
India is simultaneously modernising and expanding its air force. It plans to induct 126 fourth and fifth generation multi-role aircraft from US, Russia and France to phase out old fleet of Russian MiGs and adding 10 squadrons to the IAF. After initial procurement emphasis is on establishing indigenous production lines. If the recent US offer of sale and co-production of F-18 Hornet E/F series to India materialises it will bring a qualitative upgrading in its delivery systems. With the help of Israel and US, India is also developing a long-range reconnaissance capability and an air defence system. India’s missile capability is set to grow at a steady pace. It has developed both ballistic and cruise missile technology providing it the ability to project power. India is improving range and accuracy of its long range missiles to be able to reach potential targets in China. Pakistan has kept pace with India in both missile and nuclear development and have operational missiles with a range of 2000 km that practically cover most of India.
Critical technologies associated with India’s space program that includes two vehicles the Polar Stationery Launch Vehicle and the geostationary-launch vehicle have been transferred to the missile programmes.
Unlike India, Pakistan does not contemplate having missiles launched from nuclear powered submarine as a part of its nuclear force in the foreseeable future. High cost, non-availability of nuclear submarines and different strategic goals are the main reasons for this. However, if the vulnerabilities of Pakistan’s land-based systems to pre-emptive attack should increase the option of using conventional submarines with Independent Air Propulsion systems procured from France or Germany and fitting them with nuclear-tipped missiles could be an option.
It would, however, be a folly to imitate or be reactive in responding to India’s military build-up. India’s size, population and resources, and its industrial, technological and economic base places it in competition with China and other major players. Prudence demands that we formulate domestic, foreign and defence policies that are commensurate with our power potential and based on well articulated national priorities. This does not imply that Pakistan should lower its security guard that could allow external powers to exploit. What is crucial is to balance resources between development and defence and take a more comprehensive approach towards security, keeping in mind that our immediate threat is internal. Moreover, acquisition of advance weapon systems alone is not sufficient to protect a nation against aggression. We have a classic example of Soviet Union and later of Yugoslavia disintegrating despite their inflated military power. Besides we must learn from the example of Finland and Switzerland that have struggled to stay independent and not accepted the hegemony of relatively very powerful neighbours. Middle level powers like Pakistan have to defend their national integrity and interests through political stability, economic development, national cohesion, astute diplomacy and professionally dedicated military force.
The writer is a retired lieutenant-general. Email: [email protected]
India’s growing military muscle
Monday, August 03, 2009
By Talat Masood
The recent launch of an indigenously produced nuclear powered submarine once again brought to fore India’s expanding military capabilities and its ambitions to be a global player. Clearly, when the 6,000-ton Arihant along with the other additional two (or four) of its class are commissioned around 2020 it would be a quantum jump in its strategic posture and assets. Acquisition of a nuclear powered submarines forms part of India’s nuclear doctrine that is based on the concept of triad i.e. developing land, air and sea strike capability and adherence to “No First Use” (NFU). Major nuclear powers consider submersible launched nuclear-tipped missiles critical in terms of providing second-strike capability. Submarines are autonomous under water platforms for launching nuclear-tipped missiles and are relatively safe from enemy action as these are practically noiseless and stealth makes it hard to detect by sonar and radar. Thus they are able to achieve both mobility and surprise. And by escaping detection they can survive adversary’s first strike. Nuclear-powered submarines’ distinct advantage over diesel electric ones is their unlimited endurance in remaining submersed and therefore in a state of readiness. This is the major reason why US, France and few other countries have abandoned the production of conventional submarines and only manufacture nuclear-powered submarines.
In terms of technology too, Arihant is a major breakthrough for India. Manufacturing a submarine requires mastery of a broad range of critical technologies ranging from development of a pressurised water reactor, containment vessel, turbines, sonar and sound navigation and ranging systems, electronics, long-wave communication network and systems integration.
In addition India has undertaken a parallel development of missiles to be launched from submarines. India’s defence production has greatly benefited from the support received from Russia in terms of design, production of major assemblies, training equipment and training of personnel. France, Israel and other countries have also assisted in this project and continue to do so. In the longer term India aims at achieving strategic parity against China through the development of its naval nuclear and conventional capabilities.
Induction of nuclear submarines is directed primarily to remove asymmetry with China that has 11 nuclear and 60 conventional submarines and has recently inducted three new nuclear submarines. Meanwhile, in the coming decade India plans to augment its surface ship fleet by an additional 40 ships.
Both India and China aim at expanding their influence in the waters of the Indian Ocean, Gulf and Malacca straits. They want to secure sea lanes by projecting power. United States and Russia are supportive of India’s ambitions.
India is simultaneously modernising and expanding its air force. It plans to induct 126 fourth and fifth generation multi-role aircraft from US, Russia and France to phase out old fleet of Russian MiGs and adding 10 squadrons to the IAF. After initial procurement emphasis is on establishing indigenous production lines. If the recent US offer of sale and co-production of F-18 Hornet E/F series to India materialises it will bring a qualitative upgrading in its delivery systems. With the help of Israel and US, India is also developing a long-range reconnaissance capability and an air defence system. India’s missile capability is set to grow at a steady pace. It has developed both ballistic and cruise missile technology providing it the ability to project power. India is improving range and accuracy of its long range missiles to be able to reach potential targets in China. Pakistan has kept pace with India in both missile and nuclear development and have operational missiles with a range of 2000 km that practically cover most of India.
Critical technologies associated with India’s space program that includes two vehicles the Polar Stationery Launch Vehicle and the geostationary-launch vehicle have been transferred to the missile programmes.
Unlike India, Pakistan does not contemplate having missiles launched from nuclear powered submarine as a part of its nuclear force in the foreseeable future. High cost, non-availability of nuclear submarines and different strategic goals are the main reasons for this. However, if the vulnerabilities of Pakistan’s land-based systems to pre-emptive attack should increase the option of using conventional submarines with Independent Air Propulsion systems procured from France or Germany and fitting them with nuclear-tipped missiles could be an option.
It would, however, be a folly to imitate or be reactive in responding to India’s military build-up. India’s size, population and resources, and its industrial, technological and economic base places it in competition with China and other major players. Prudence demands that we formulate domestic, foreign and defence policies that are commensurate with our power potential and based on well articulated national priorities. This does not imply that Pakistan should lower its security guard that could allow external powers to exploit. What is crucial is to balance resources between development and defence and take a more comprehensive approach towards security, keeping in mind that our immediate threat is internal. Moreover, acquisition of advance weapon systems alone is not sufficient to protect a nation against aggression. We have a classic example of Soviet Union and later of Yugoslavia disintegrating despite their inflated military power. Besides we must learn from the example of Finland and Switzerland that have struggled to stay independent and not accepted the hegemony of relatively very powerful neighbours. Middle level powers like Pakistan have to defend their national integrity and interests through political stability, economic development, national cohesion, astute diplomacy and professionally dedicated military force.
The writer is a retired lieutenant-general. Email: [email protected]
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Pakistani Navy Tones Down Criticism of Indian Nuclear Sub
Pakistan's navy backtracked from its criticism this week of India's first indigenously built nuclear submarine, saying it is not worried about its rival's new vessel, Asian News International reported yesterday (see GSN, July 28).
"We are not focused on India," said Adm. Bashir Noman, chief of staff for the Pakistani navy. "India is a neighbor, so we must have [a] good relationship." Pakistan is instead focused on curbing terrorism, piracy and drug trafficking in the Indian Ocean, he said.
The Pakistani Foreign Ministry responded to the launch of the INS Arihant -- the first of India's five planned submarines, designed to supplement its 16-vessel Russian- and German-made diesel fleet -- by saying it was "detrimental to regional peace and stability" (Asian News International/DailyIndia.com, July 29).
With the launch, India became the sixth nation to build its own nuclear submarine. However, it could be a long time before the vessel is actually operational, Agence France-Presse reported.
It will probably be years before all the stages of necessary testing and development are complete, said Uday Bhaskar, director of India's National Maritime Foundation. At this point, the launch is merely a "very symbolic first step" toward a sea-based nuclear deterrent, Bhaskar said.
"Chest-thumping is not valid at this stage, as the launch of such a submarine is a very arduous task," he said, pointing out that it took China 12 years to perfect a mission-ready fleet. "Arihant's builders will first need to achieve criticality of its reactor and then propulsion, and the real challenge will be when it goes for full sea trials."
There is also the matter of fitting nuclear-tipped ballistic missiles to the vessel. That looks to be a tedious undertaking; even when it is complete, the missiles the submarine is slated to carry are relatively modest.
"The Arihant will have a small range of missiles, and compared to China's nuclear armament, these are firecrackers," said Bharat Karnad, an analyst at a New Delhi-based think tank.
"India needs to develop intercontinental ballistic missiles fitted in submarines" and build more potent atomic warheads, Karnad added (Pratap Chakravarty, Agence France-Presse/Google News, July 29).
Meanwhile, India's prime minister yesterday said his nation would not be bound by statement issued recently by the Group of Eight nations, aimed at preventing states outside the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty from importing sensitive nuclear technologies, the Indo-Asian News Service reported.
"Prohibition by the [Nuclear Suppliers Group] of such transfers would require a consensus amongst all the 45 [supplying] countries," Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh told members of parliament. "This does not exist at present."
India is one of several nuclear-armed nations that have not signed the treaty (Indo-Asian News Service/Yahoo!News, July 29).
NTI: Global Security Newswire - Pakistani Navy Tones Down Criticism of Indian Nuclear Sub
Pakistani Navy Tones Down Criticism of Indian Nuclear Sub
Pakistan's navy backtracked from its criticism this week of India's first indigenously built nuclear submarine, saying it is not worried about its rival's new vessel, Asian News International reported yesterday (see GSN, July 28).
"We are not focused on India," said Adm. Bashir Noman, chief of staff for the Pakistani navy. "India is a neighbor, so we must have [a] good relationship." Pakistan is instead focused on curbing terrorism, piracy and drug trafficking in the Indian Ocean, he said.
The Pakistani Foreign Ministry responded to the launch of the INS Arihant -- the first of India's five planned submarines, designed to supplement its 16-vessel Russian- and German-made diesel fleet -- by saying it was "detrimental to regional peace and stability" (Asian News International/DailyIndia.com, July 29).
With the launch, India became the sixth nation to build its own nuclear submarine. However, it could be a long time before the vessel is actually operational, Agence France-Presse reported.
It will probably be years before all the stages of necessary testing and development are complete, said Uday Bhaskar, director of India's National Maritime Foundation. At this point, the launch is merely a "very symbolic first step" toward a sea-based nuclear deterrent, Bhaskar said.
"Chest-thumping is not valid at this stage, as the launch of such a submarine is a very arduous task," he said, pointing out that it took China 12 years to perfect a mission-ready fleet. "Arihant's builders will first need to achieve criticality of its reactor and then propulsion, and the real challenge will be when it goes for full sea trials."
There is also the matter of fitting nuclear-tipped ballistic missiles to the vessel. That looks to be a tedious undertaking; even when it is complete, the missiles the submarine is slated to carry are relatively modest.
"The Arihant will have a small range of missiles, and compared to China's nuclear armament, these are firecrackers," said Bharat Karnad, an analyst at a New Delhi-based think tank.
"India needs to develop intercontinental ballistic missiles fitted in submarines" and build more potent atomic warheads, Karnad added (Pratap Chakravarty, Agence France-Presse/Google News, July 29).
Meanwhile, India's prime minister yesterday said his nation would not be bound by statement issued recently by the Group of Eight nations, aimed at preventing states outside the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty from importing sensitive nuclear technologies, the Indo-Asian News Service reported.
"Prohibition by the [Nuclear Suppliers Group] of such transfers would require a consensus amongst all the 45 [supplying] countries," Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh told members of parliament. "This does not exist at present."
India is one of several nuclear-armed nations that have not signed the treaty (Indo-Asian News Service/Yahoo!News, July 29).
NTI: Global Security Newswire - Pakistani Navy Tones Down Criticism of Indian Nuclear Sub
News Analysis: India's launch of nuke submarine aims at stronger deterrent capability
NEW DELHI, Aug. 3 (Xinhua) -- With the launch of a nuclear-powered submarine one week ago, which is able to launch missiles at targets some 700 km away, India has become the sixth country in the world to build its own nuclear-powered underwater boat.
Until now only the U.S., Russia, France, Britain and China had the capability to do so. And, now India has proudly joined the elite group of the countries by unveiling the 6,000-tonne Arihant submarine, adding a third dimension to its defense capability, said local experts.
"When it is eventually deployed, Arihant will be able to carry 100 sailors on board. It will be able to stay under water for long periods, raising its chances of remaining undetected. This no doubt positions India in a unique place in the world," said political scientist Professor Ajay Singh.
One of the Indian Navy's main tasks involves establishment of sea control to protect its vital locations.
"It has traditionally paid particular attention to Pakistan Navy developments. Gradually, though, the focus of the Indian Navy is shifting to a stronger deterrent capability against foreign intervention by non-littoral navies," said Delhi-based defense analyst D.K. Chakraborty.
"With this in mind, India has been modernizing its fleet and has been continually interested in procuring nuclear attack and diesel submarines, establishing two aircraft carrier groups, and developing new cruise missiles," said Chakraborty.
Analyst Prof SK Gupta said, "What makes a nuclear submarine the most preferred option is that it's extremely difficult to detect and target by an adversary."
At present, India has 16 diesel-electric submarines of Russian and German origin, which are all 25-40 years old, all under the purview of the Indian Navy.
India has also signed a deal with France for six Scorpene submarines ofe MESMA (submarine energy model) and their construction has begun. These submarines will join the Indian Navy from 2010-11 onwards.
"The Indian Navy may arm its Kilo class submarine fleet with the BrahMos cruise missiles after successfully completing test launches from the submarine. India will issue request for proposals for another six submarines soon," said Chakraborty.
The Arihant class of submarines are expected to be commissioned starting from 2011. And, then India will show its military might, aptly helped by countries like the United States and Russia.
"Some 300 Indian Navy personnel are being trained in Russia for the operation of these submarines. India has finalized a deal with Russia, in which at the end of the lease of Akula submarines, it has an option to buy them," said Professor Singh, who is also a keen observer of the Indian Defense.
News Analysis: India's launch of nuke submarine aims at stronger deterrent capability_English_Xinhua
NEW DELHI, Aug. 3 (Xinhua) -- With the launch of a nuclear-powered submarine one week ago, which is able to launch missiles at targets some 700 km away, India has become the sixth country in the world to build its own nuclear-powered underwater boat.
Until now only the U.S., Russia, France, Britain and China had the capability to do so. And, now India has proudly joined the elite group of the countries by unveiling the 6,000-tonne Arihant submarine, adding a third dimension to its defense capability, said local experts.
"When it is eventually deployed, Arihant will be able to carry 100 sailors on board. It will be able to stay under water for long periods, raising its chances of remaining undetected. This no doubt positions India in a unique place in the world," said political scientist Professor Ajay Singh.
One of the Indian Navy's main tasks involves establishment of sea control to protect its vital locations.
"It has traditionally paid particular attention to Pakistan Navy developments. Gradually, though, the focus of the Indian Navy is shifting to a stronger deterrent capability against foreign intervention by non-littoral navies," said Delhi-based defense analyst D.K. Chakraborty.
"With this in mind, India has been modernizing its fleet and has been continually interested in procuring nuclear attack and diesel submarines, establishing two aircraft carrier groups, and developing new cruise missiles," said Chakraborty.
Analyst Prof SK Gupta said, "What makes a nuclear submarine the most preferred option is that it's extremely difficult to detect and target by an adversary."
At present, India has 16 diesel-electric submarines of Russian and German origin, which are all 25-40 years old, all under the purview of the Indian Navy.
India has also signed a deal with France for six Scorpene submarines ofe MESMA (submarine energy model) and their construction has begun. These submarines will join the Indian Navy from 2010-11 onwards.
"The Indian Navy may arm its Kilo class submarine fleet with the BrahMos cruise missiles after successfully completing test launches from the submarine. India will issue request for proposals for another six submarines soon," said Chakraborty.
The Arihant class of submarines are expected to be commissioned starting from 2011. And, then India will show its military might, aptly helped by countries like the United States and Russia.
"Some 300 Indian Navy personnel are being trained in Russia for the operation of these submarines. India has finalized a deal with Russia, in which at the end of the lease of Akula submarines, it has an option to buy them," said Professor Singh, who is also a keen observer of the Indian Defense.
News Analysis: India's launch of nuke submarine aims at stronger deterrent capability_English_Xinhua
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S
SammyCheung
Guest
^^ That's not Arihant. That looks like a Yankee class submarine.
File:Yankee Notch.jpg - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
File:Yankee Notch.jpg - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
S
SammyCheung
Guest
I don't know what it is. The photo itself might be a Yankee, not Arihant. But take a look at two features shared by the photos:
- That white round thing in front of the conning tower
- There is a little ridge that goes around the conning tower about 1.5 meters from the bottom
File:Yankee Notch.jpg - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
- That white round thing in front of the conning tower
- There is a little ridge that goes around the conning tower about 1.5 meters from the bottom
File:Yankee Notch.jpg - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Adux
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Oh NO it cant be, It is the SHANG CLASS Type 093 http://www.china-defense-mashup.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/04/navy9.jpg
Look it got dive planes on the sail, it has those long slits on the hull with retrofitted Ballistic Cells! Also it is 110m long 11m wide
Look it got dive planes on the sail, it has those long slits on the hull with retrofitted Ballistic Cells! Also it is 110m long 11m wide
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What are you trying to imply??. That the Sub in the picture is not INS Arihant but Indian Navy is showing Yankee as INS Arihant. Many subs and their designs look similar but that doesn't mean they are same.
S
SammyCheung
Guest
Actually, I think the technology level of Arihant should be fairly high. But the design is definitely not like Borei. It is not Typhoon obviously. So it's lineage looks more like the Delta family or the Yankee family. It definitely does not look like the drawings posted in this thread (those look like Akula).
youngindian
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Indian Nuclear Submarine Aimed at China
06.08.2009
India launched its first nuclear-powered submarine, Arihant. Built in cooperation with Russia, this submarine is quite unusual. By its military characteristics the sub is close to Russian state-of-art nuclear submarines. Unlike Russian submarines it can carry 12 Indian Sagarika missiles.The missiles are capable of hitting targets at a range of 700 km. Thus this is the unique submarine armed with tactical ballistic missiles.
Pakistan expressed its concern about this event. Pakistani officials claimed that the launch of the submarine, which is supposed to undergo marine tests, would jeopardize security of the entire Indian Ocean region.
Arihant really looks menacing. The new submarine is armed with torpedoes and ballistic missiles and is equipped with the 85 megawatt nuclear reactors.
This is the first of five submarines to patrol seaways in the Indian Ocean. After the launch of Arihant India became the sixth country in the world to own nuclear submarines.
Thus Arihant is a sign of a strong resolution of India to play a significant military role in the world.
Despite all the historical antagonism between the countries and the new increase of tension on the subcontinent, the fears of Pakistan are groundless. Many military analysts say that the potential target for Arihant is China but not Pakistan.
The 700-kilometer range of the Indian missiles is enough to reach main PRC’s strategic sites. On the assumption of this experts presume that Arihant was built with a view to constrain China.
It is interesting that the dangerous competition actively develops when the relations between Delhi and Beijing became the closest after war in 1962. The turnover between the countries accounts for about $40 billion a year. The armies of the countries have recently held joint military drills too.
However, China was shocked, when India concluded a nuclear transaction with America last year.For the moment being, China demonstrates its potential in the Indian Ocean, reconstructing a small port of Hambantota at the southern end of Sri Lanka into a big deepwater transshipment point for container shipment between Europe and Asia.
This port will also become a state-of-the-art naval base between the Persian Gulf and Far East.
As a result, the peaceful Indian Ocean can become an arena for self-assertion of the developing Asian countries. Cold War is in the air.
Indian Nuclear Submarine Aimed at China - Pravda.Ru
06.08.2009
India launched its first nuclear-powered submarine, Arihant. Built in cooperation with Russia, this submarine is quite unusual. By its military characteristics the sub is close to Russian state-of-art nuclear submarines. Unlike Russian submarines it can carry 12 Indian Sagarika missiles.The missiles are capable of hitting targets at a range of 700 km. Thus this is the unique submarine armed with tactical ballistic missiles.
Pakistan expressed its concern about this event. Pakistani officials claimed that the launch of the submarine, which is supposed to undergo marine tests, would jeopardize security of the entire Indian Ocean region.
Arihant really looks menacing. The new submarine is armed with torpedoes and ballistic missiles and is equipped with the 85 megawatt nuclear reactors.
This is the first of five submarines to patrol seaways in the Indian Ocean. After the launch of Arihant India became the sixth country in the world to own nuclear submarines.
Thus Arihant is a sign of a strong resolution of India to play a significant military role in the world.
Despite all the historical antagonism between the countries and the new increase of tension on the subcontinent, the fears of Pakistan are groundless. Many military analysts say that the potential target for Arihant is China but not Pakistan.
The 700-kilometer range of the Indian missiles is enough to reach main PRC’s strategic sites. On the assumption of this experts presume that Arihant was built with a view to constrain China.
It is interesting that the dangerous competition actively develops when the relations between Delhi and Beijing became the closest after war in 1962. The turnover between the countries accounts for about $40 billion a year. The armies of the countries have recently held joint military drills too.
However, China was shocked, when India concluded a nuclear transaction with America last year.For the moment being, China demonstrates its potential in the Indian Ocean, reconstructing a small port of Hambantota at the southern end of Sri Lanka into a big deepwater transshipment point for container shipment between Europe and Asia.
This port will also become a state-of-the-art naval base between the Persian Gulf and Far East.
As a result, the peaceful Indian Ocean can become an arena for self-assertion of the developing Asian countries. Cold War is in the air.
Indian Nuclear Submarine Aimed at China - Pravda.Ru
The 1st Original Pic Released
Exclusive INS Arihant photo: India Today - Latest Breaking News from India, World, Business, Cricket, Sports, Bollywood.
Exclusive INS Arihant photo: India Today - Latest Breaking News from India, World, Business, Cricket, Sports, Bollywood.
Pakistan must counter India's growing power
The launch of India's first missile-capable nuclear submarine has serious regional implications. It poses response choices for Pakistan to avert strategic imbalance.
India must also reflect on the overarching architecture of relationship it wants to evolve with Pakistan. How far is India's military build up due to its threat perceptions, or motivated by the objective of threat projection and hegemony?
Pakistan, after its breakup in 1971 through Indian military action, continues to perceive that while socio-economic progress and combating extremism constitute core objectives, its main existential threat continues to emanate from India, in which some core policy makers and influential segments may still regard Pakistan's creation as a historical mistake.
Faced with an asymmetrical imbalance in the conventional field from a much larger India, Pakistan's hard-won nuclear capability has kept the peace by providing, through a credible minimum nuclear deterrent, strategic stability in South Asia.
The peace process that began in 2004 between the two countries attempted to manage the different facets of this difficult relationship with the objective of resolving disputes in a peaceful manner.
Talks were initiated on nuclear and Confidence Building Measures (CBMs). Both sides formally declared that the nuclear capabilities of each other, which are based on their national security imperatives, constitute a factor for stability.
Two main agreements on pre-notification of ballistic missile tests and reduction of risks of accidents related to nuclear weapons were signed. Even before India broke off the peace process after the Mumbai incident, the peace process had slowed down.
There was no concrete movement on the core issue of Kashmir, and no promise of movement on Siachin, Sir Creek and the Indus waters which provide Pakistan's life blood.
While the nuclear CBMs agreements continue to hold, there was no forward movement and India wanted to delink itself from Pakistan even in this nuclear field in which New Delhi had reversed the maxim of thinking globally but acting locally.
India was encouraged by a number of developments. The Indo-US nuclear deal, rather than encouraging nuclear restraint in South Asia, enhanced India's strategic capability, freeing its limited uranium reserves for military use, by keeping eight reactors out of safeguards able, to produce fissile material for 280 nuclear weapons annually.
American, Israeli and Russian co-operation in India's Anti Ballistic Missile (ABM) programme further destabilised the strategic balance.
India rejected Pakistan's proposal for a strategic restraint regime with its three interlocking elements of conflict resolution, nuclear and missile restraint and conventional balance, to avoid an unnecessary arms race.
Russia over two decades supported India's nuclear submarine project through technology, technical advice and leasing of nuclear submarines. India's cruise missile Brahmos was jointly developed with Russia.
India will build five nuclear submarines, each carrying 12 nuclear ballistic missiles. The two Akula class submarines to be leased from Russia would carry another 48 missiles.
This submarine leg of India's nuclear triad would deploy some 100 plus nuclear weapons. The other air launched gravity nuclear weapons, land launched ballistic missiles, tactical nuclear weapons and land, air and sea launched cruise missiles would constitute a formidable nuclear delivery capability.
India claims that this build-up is necessary because it faces threats from China and Pakistan. However given the growing relationship between India and China, no objective strategist has been able to postulate any credible conflict scenario between the two countries.
On the other hand, 95 per cent of India's military potential is targeted against much smaller Pakistan. The planned nuclear submarine fleet with its short range ballistic missiles is also Pakistan specific.
Contradicting policy statements of wanting better relations with Pakistan, India's 'cold start' or proactive military doctrine appears to be aimed at rapidly seizing parts of Pakistan while remaining under the nuclear threshold.
The nuclear submarine fleet with its second strike capability is then likely to be used to reinforce pressure on Pakistan not to use nuclear weapons, tactical or strategic, to deter or counter any Indian thrust into Pakistan.
Pakistan has responded that it will take all steps to safeguard its security and to maintain strategic balance in the region. What should Pakistan do? First of all develop its own second strike nuclear submarine based capability.
Secondly, equip its conventional submarines with nuclear tipped cruise missiles.
Thirdly, as Russian assistance has evoked no international objection and is clear that both leasing of nuclear submarines and technology for their production are completely compatible with the global non-proliferation regime, Pakistan should explore such possibilities.
Fourthly, the most important lesson for Pakistan, a latecomer by necessity as a nuclear state, is that while not having to match India, nuclear weapon by weapon, to maintain strategic stability it will need to continue its modest fissile material production in the foreseeable future and cannot brook any developments or negotiations counter to this vital national security requirement.
Faced with these escalating threats, Pakistan must oppose the initiation of negotiations on the Fissile Material Cut-Off Treaty with countries with their own comfortable fissile material stockpiles, who have also helped arm India, want to begin and prioritise in the Conference on Disarmament in Geneva specifically at Pakistan's expense.
And if negotiations begin, not to accept, as India has already declared for itself, any outcome detrimental to Pakistan's security.
Gulfnews: Pakistan must counter India's growing power
The launch of India's first missile-capable nuclear submarine has serious regional implications. It poses response choices for Pakistan to avert strategic imbalance.
India must also reflect on the overarching architecture of relationship it wants to evolve with Pakistan. How far is India's military build up due to its threat perceptions, or motivated by the objective of threat projection and hegemony?
Pakistan, after its breakup in 1971 through Indian military action, continues to perceive that while socio-economic progress and combating extremism constitute core objectives, its main existential threat continues to emanate from India, in which some core policy makers and influential segments may still regard Pakistan's creation as a historical mistake.
Faced with an asymmetrical imbalance in the conventional field from a much larger India, Pakistan's hard-won nuclear capability has kept the peace by providing, through a credible minimum nuclear deterrent, strategic stability in South Asia.
The peace process that began in 2004 between the two countries attempted to manage the different facets of this difficult relationship with the objective of resolving disputes in a peaceful manner.
Talks were initiated on nuclear and Confidence Building Measures (CBMs). Both sides formally declared that the nuclear capabilities of each other, which are based on their national security imperatives, constitute a factor for stability.
Two main agreements on pre-notification of ballistic missile tests and reduction of risks of accidents related to nuclear weapons were signed. Even before India broke off the peace process after the Mumbai incident, the peace process had slowed down.
There was no concrete movement on the core issue of Kashmir, and no promise of movement on Siachin, Sir Creek and the Indus waters which provide Pakistan's life blood.
While the nuclear CBMs agreements continue to hold, there was no forward movement and India wanted to delink itself from Pakistan even in this nuclear field in which New Delhi had reversed the maxim of thinking globally but acting locally.
India was encouraged by a number of developments. The Indo-US nuclear deal, rather than encouraging nuclear restraint in South Asia, enhanced India's strategic capability, freeing its limited uranium reserves for military use, by keeping eight reactors out of safeguards able, to produce fissile material for 280 nuclear weapons annually.
American, Israeli and Russian co-operation in India's Anti Ballistic Missile (ABM) programme further destabilised the strategic balance.
India rejected Pakistan's proposal for a strategic restraint regime with its three interlocking elements of conflict resolution, nuclear and missile restraint and conventional balance, to avoid an unnecessary arms race.
Russia over two decades supported India's nuclear submarine project through technology, technical advice and leasing of nuclear submarines. India's cruise missile Brahmos was jointly developed with Russia.
India will build five nuclear submarines, each carrying 12 nuclear ballistic missiles. The two Akula class submarines to be leased from Russia would carry another 48 missiles.
This submarine leg of India's nuclear triad would deploy some 100 plus nuclear weapons. The other air launched gravity nuclear weapons, land launched ballistic missiles, tactical nuclear weapons and land, air and sea launched cruise missiles would constitute a formidable nuclear delivery capability.
India claims that this build-up is necessary because it faces threats from China and Pakistan. However given the growing relationship between India and China, no objective strategist has been able to postulate any credible conflict scenario between the two countries.
On the other hand, 95 per cent of India's military potential is targeted against much smaller Pakistan. The planned nuclear submarine fleet with its short range ballistic missiles is also Pakistan specific.
Contradicting policy statements of wanting better relations with Pakistan, India's 'cold start' or proactive military doctrine appears to be aimed at rapidly seizing parts of Pakistan while remaining under the nuclear threshold.
The nuclear submarine fleet with its second strike capability is then likely to be used to reinforce pressure on Pakistan not to use nuclear weapons, tactical or strategic, to deter or counter any Indian thrust into Pakistan.
Pakistan has responded that it will take all steps to safeguard its security and to maintain strategic balance in the region. What should Pakistan do? First of all develop its own second strike nuclear submarine based capability.
Secondly, equip its conventional submarines with nuclear tipped cruise missiles.
Thirdly, as Russian assistance has evoked no international objection and is clear that both leasing of nuclear submarines and technology for their production are completely compatible with the global non-proliferation regime, Pakistan should explore such possibilities.
Fourthly, the most important lesson for Pakistan, a latecomer by necessity as a nuclear state, is that while not having to match India, nuclear weapon by weapon, to maintain strategic stability it will need to continue its modest fissile material production in the foreseeable future and cannot brook any developments or negotiations counter to this vital national security requirement.
Faced with these escalating threats, Pakistan must oppose the initiation of negotiations on the Fissile Material Cut-Off Treaty with countries with their own comfortable fissile material stockpiles, who have also helped arm India, want to begin and prioritise in the Conference on Disarmament in Geneva specifically at Pakistan's expense.
And if negotiations begin, not to accept, as India has already declared for itself, any outcome detrimental to Pakistan's security.
Gulfnews: Pakistan must counter India's growing power
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ha ha ha now see this gem, we can easily say "Grapes are sour"
A leaky Soviet era tub called Arihant The Dawn
A leaky Soviet era tub called Arihant The Dawn
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