Cylindrical (also nearly so) objects will give a more than proportionate increase in volume for every unit increase in radius (or draught and beam).
Having said that Typhoon is not one sub. Typhoon is 2 subs laid side by side with some other hulls attached to these and all of them finally covered over by a supra-hull. So the full benefits of the volume increase are not available. Which goes to show the limitations of this approach to building massive subs.
But again, there is no need to duplicate a lot of systems for 2 subs laid side by side. Which again offers volume benefits.
So considering all compromises, Typhoons still end up giving a far bigger volume increase per unit size increase. Ultimately what really matters is not the amount of metal you haul or the amount of water you displace. What really matters is the number and size of SLBMs you will be deploying, quitely.
Case in point:
Typhoons (24K ton surfaced) carry 20 SLBM of 80+ tons each.
Borei (14K ton surfaced) carry 20 SLBM of 40 ton each.
Even if we make a sub the dimensions of a Borei class the tyrany of the mathematics will not allow us to actually claim to be half the size of Typhoons, in terms of volume, which really matters. We may claim to be half the size in terms of weight only, but that really does not matter.
All considered however, in my opinion we should not waste time attempting a Typhoon, even though it is a circus stopper. If we can fund 2 subs then better to have these 2 subs at different locations instead of being tied up together and co-located at one place. The risk increase manifold. With 2 subs the enemy at best will be able to find only one and at the same time will be forced to split its ASW resources over vast stretches of the ocean.
The bigger SSBNs that will get made later, in our yards, will be world class in almost all respects, except may be in a few areas. And the whole package will be much more impervious/impenetrable, to foreign powers. The reactor for example will get bigger, not smaller, there will be a lesser miniaturization penalty involved. So things are only set to get better.