Science, technology and innovations in India

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Union Education Minister, Shri Ramesh Pokhriyal ‘Nishank’ launches NanoSniffer, a Microsensor based Explosive Trace Detector


Union Education Minister, Shri Ramesh Pokhriyal ‘Nishank’ today launched NanoSniffer, the world’s first Microsensor based Explosive Trace Detector (ETD) developed by NanoSniff Technologies, an IIT Bombay incubated startup. Director, IIT Delhi, Shri V. Ramgopal Rao, and senior officials of the Ministry were present on the occasion.


NanoSniffer has been marketed by Vehant Technologies, a spin-off from a former IIT Delhi incubated startup Kritikal Solutions.

Launching NanoSniffer Explosive trace detector (IITB and IITD). https://t.co/GVayhSGJLi
— Dr. Ramesh Pokhriyal Nishank (@DrRPNishank) April 9, 2021

Speaking on the occasion, Shri Pokhriyal said that NanoSniffer, developed by NanoSniff Technologies, is a step towards Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi’s vision of a self-reliant India. NanoSniffer is a 100% Made in India product in terms of research, development & manufacturing. The core technology of NanoSniffer is protected by patents in the U.S. & Europe. The Minister further said that this affordable device will reduce our dependency on imported explosive trace detector devices. It will also encourage other institutions, startups and medium-scale industries to research & develop products indigenously. It’s a perfect example of lab to market product, he added.


The Minister appreciated that this home-grown Explosive trace detector device (ETD) - NanoSniffer can detect explosives in less than 10 seconds and it also identifies and categorizes explosives into different classes. It detects all classes of military, conventional and homemade explosives. NanoSniffer gives visible & audible alerts with sunlight-readable color display, he added.


Union Education Minister said that with the development of this product, IIT Bombay and IIT Delhi along with their offshoot companies are making a sincere effort to boost the nation’s security with advanced and affordable indigenous products. It’s a perfect example of academia and industry collaboration, which will set an example for other startups in India. Our nation is full of talented, knowledgeable and hard-working entrepreneurs, hence why should we import foreign products. It is amazing that now our country is developing & manufacturing products like NanoSniffer, Explosive Trace Detectors, he added


Given the constant threats, which our nation faces due to geo-political realities, explosives & contraband detection has become a norm at high security locations like airports, railways & Metro stations, hotels, malls, and other public places. Check points at such locations are incorporating advanced detection equipment for rapid scanning of people and baggage. Almost all these products for explosive detection are imported at a high cost leading to the loss of valuable foreign exchange by the country. NanoSniffer is a perfect substitute for such products.


NanoSniff Technologies has partnered with Vehant Technologies, a pioneer in Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning- based Physical Security, Surveillance and Traffic Monitoring & Junction Enforcement Solutions.


NanoSniffer provides trace detection of nano-gram quantity of explosives & delivers result in seconds. It can accurately detect a wide range of military, commercial and homemade explosives threats. Further analysis of the algorithms also helps in categorization of explosives into the appropriate class. With local manufacturing, including its MEMS sensor, it will save a lot of import cost for the country.

NanoSniffer has successfully passed Pune based DRDO’s High Energy Materials Research Laboratory (HEMRL) testing and has also been tested by the country’s elite counter-terror force National Security Guard (NSG).

 

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^ Nice, was this the same explosives detector that was exported to the US a few years ago, by way of a technology transfer from India to the US?

 

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IIT Hyderabad develops dual carbon alternative to lithium-ion batteries.

IIT Hyderabad develops dual carbon alternative to lithium-ion batteries

Hyderabad, Apr 5 (IANS): The Electrochemical Energy Storage Lab at the Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad (IITH), has developed a 5V Dual Carbon Battery utilising self-standing carbon fibre mats as both electrodes - cathode and anode. The breakthrough model, developed by a team led by Dr...

www.daijiworld.com

 

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Now, AI-based device to alert drivers when they doze off | India News - Times of India

This device, which was developed by one Colonel Kuldeep Yadav of Military College of Electronics and Mechanical Engineering (MCEME) at Secunderabad, has been tested in three army vehicles for three months. Lt General TSA Narayanan, Commandant at MCEME said the trial run has been very successful and this month they handed over one device to the Telangana government for trial on commercial vehicles.

Now, AI-based device to alert drivers when they doze off | India News - Times of India

India News: The need to ensure drivers of defence vehicles don’t doze off while driving long distances has resulted in the invention of an artificial intelligence

timesofindia.indiatimes.com

 

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Cost-Effective & efficient technology for recycling Aluminium scraps developed


Posted On: 24 APR 2021 12:28PM by PIB Delhi



A team of Scientists has developed a cost-effective technology to recycle aluminum scraps efficiently minimizing material losses in the process, which can be used by small and medium scale industries.


Dr. C. Bhagyanathan, Associate Professor from Sri Ramakrishna Engineering College, Coimbatore along with Dr. P. Karuppuswamy, Professor Sri Ramakrishna Engineering College and Dr. M. Ravi, Sr. Principal Scientist, CSIR-NIIST Trivandrum developed a technology system that could combine value added / non-value added and hazardous / non-hazardous wastes, aluminium alloys and assorted scraps for industrial applications and recycle them efficiently. The technology was developed with support from the Advanced Manufacturing Technologies programme of the Department of Science & Technology (DST), Government of India aligned with the ‘Make in India’ initiative. The developed technology can be used in tiny & cottage Industries, Small Scale Industries and MSME Aluminium foundries and recycling industries.


Conventional aluminium recycling techniques require high investment in processing and generate dangerous residues in form of ferrous (Fe), tin (Sn), lead (Pb) and burning of Mg in the crucible red hot. The process also involves manual separation and sorting of magnesium alloys, ferrous alloys and high silicon alloys etc. Moreover the separated magnesium is hazardous to the environment. Melting of these alloys are in the form of graded aluminium scraps. These industries sell the ingots based on chemical composition of the melt.


The new technology increases the purity and quality of recycled aluminium melt. The technology involves washing the basic inputs -- assorted aluminium scraps (mixed), drying and preheating, removal of basic impurities in melting furnace, degassing in nitrogen atmosphere and addition of alloying elements in holding furnace, filtering (refining) and pouring the metal into the mold. Three problems are addressed during the process. Separation of iron and silicon materials, preventing the loss of magnesium and adding of other elements like chromium, strontium, zirconium and so on to improve the mechanical properties under the prescribed limits. The conversion rate in the existing technology is 54% and with the new technology developed, the conversion rate has been increased by 70% to 80% depending on various cases of scraps dealt with.


The technology is in 7th stage of Technology Readiness Level (TRL) and Dr. C. Bhagyanathan’s team has collaborated with several industrial partners in Coimbatore like Roots Cast, Lakshmi Balaji DieCast, Enkey Engineering Works, Adhrash Line Accessories, Super Cast, Star Flow Tech, to cast various components like electrical housing bracket, automobile casings and valve components, motor housing bracket, motor impeller components etc., for further expansion. The team is also in processes of filing a patent for the technology and has also transferred it to Swayam Industries, Coimbatore, Servo Scientific Equipments, Coimbatore.


The technology is also equipped with advanced Aluminium Melting and Holding furnaces, a degassing unit, filtering setup, an industrial washing machine and Oven.


Dr. C. Bhagyanathan’s team is further working on recycling of aluminium to suit medium and large scale industries. They are in the process of mapping the results obtained with the small scale furnaces to the large scale furnace and conducting studies on purity post aluminium refining. This technology will be further upgraded with an advanced aluminium induction furnace capable of heat recovery could be successfully implemented in the small-scale industries.

Technology Work flow

Melting and refining of aluminum scraps

 

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India's first 3D printed house inaugurated at IIT-Madras | Chennai News - Times of India

CHENNAI: India’s first 3D printed house built by IIT-Madras startup Tvasta was inaugurated on the campus Tuesday
The house, which has a built-up area of 600 square feet, has a bedroom, a hall and a kitchen. The entire house was designed using software and printed using concrete 3D printing technology.

India's first 3D printed house inaugurated at IIT-Madras | Chennai News - Times of India

CHENNAI: India’s first 3D printed house built by IIT-Madras startup Tvasta was inaugurated on the campus TuesdayThe house, which has a built-up area o.

timesofindia.indiatimes.com

 

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Central Farm Machinery Training & Testing Institute, Budni (MP) tests the first-ever electric Tractor in the Institute

The Institute obtains NABL Certificate of Accreditation for CMVR Test Laboratory

Posted On: 29 APR 2021 1:17PM by PIB Delhi



Central Farm Machinery Training & Testing Institute, Budni (MP) has tested the first-ever electric Tractor in the Institute. The institute received the application for an electric tractor under Confidential Test initially. Accordingly, the institute has tested the tractor & released the Draft Test Report in February, 2021. After the release of the draft test report, the manufacturer has requested for conversion of the nature of the test from “Confidential to Commercial” and the competent authority has accepted the request of the manufacturer. Accordingly, the Test Report was released as a Commercial Test Report. Electric tractor will be more environment friendly than other types of tractors.

Central farm Machinery Training & Testing Institute, Budni (MP) has obtained the NABL Certificate of Accreditation for CMVR Test Laboratory on 30th March, 2021.





Accreditation is the third-party attestation related to a conformity assessment body conveying the formal demonstration of its competence to carry out specific conformity assessment tasks. Conformity Assessment Body (CAB) is a body that includes Testing including Medical Laboratory, Calibration Laboratory, Proficiency Testing Provider, Certified Reference Material Producer.


The liberalization of trade and industry policies of the Government of India has created quality consciousness in domestic trade and provided greater thrust for export. As consequence testing centres and laboratories have to demonstrably operate at an internationally acceptable level of competence.





Laboratory accreditation is a procedure by which an authoritative body gives formal recognition of technical competence for specific tests/ measurements, based on third party assessment and following international standards.





Similarly, Proficiency testing Provider accreditation gives formal recognition of competence for organizations that provide proficiency testing. Reference Material Producers Accreditation gives formal recognition of competence to carry out the production of reference materials based on third party assessment and following international standards.

 

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Blah blah blah


Gas turbine


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Scientists develop magnetometer for low cost, reliable & real-time measurements of magnetic fields


Posted On: 17 MAY 2021 5:49PM by PIB Delhi



Researchers have demonstrated a low-cost digital system to efficiently measure unknown magnetic fields.

Image by Dan-Cristian Pădureț via Unsplash





Digital signals are the backbone of communication systems processed by hardware systems that transmit and receive the signals with the help of intermediate systems called ‘digital receiver systems’ or DRS. When magnetic matter creates signals, analysing them with DRS lets scientists study the magnetic fields. Analysing the properties of the signals, for example, how they vary with time, scientists can measure the fields and study their small fluctuations.


In a new study, scientists from Raman Research Institute (RRI), Bengaluru, an autonomous institute of the Department of Science & Technology, Government of India, have devised a more efficient, faster, and low-cost digital receiver system that can make precise measurements of magnetic fields. The study was supported by the Department of Science and Technology and the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY) Government of India. It was published in the journal IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement. The system costs less than 350$ for all the silicon-based hardware and associated software.


The hardware of digital receiver systems are built with standard silicon-based memory devices. Computer codes are implemented that make these devices perform mathematical operations on the signal they receive, enabling DRS systems to measure fundamental properties of matter like ‘Spin’. The spin of electrons determines the magnetism of most of the objects around us.


“The electrons’ spin is not constant at room temperatures. They fluctuate,” explains Saptarishi Chaudhuri, associate professor of RRI and a co-author of the study. These spin fluctuations cause what scientists call ‘spin-noise’. By measuring the tiny fluctuations in the magnetic field, the researchers can infer the spin-noise accurately.


The work is an extension of the Ph.D. thesis work of the co-authors Maheswar Swar and Subhajit Bhar of RRI. The researchers heated rubidium atoms to temperatures ranging between 100 and 200 degrees Celsius, causing spin fluctuations. Then, they bombarded the atoms with a laser, which has a property called ‘polarization’. The spin fluctuations caused the laser’s polarization to fluctuate, which the researchers measured using a light detector. The polarization fluctuation is the signal for the digital receiver system. They then designed the system to work in two different modes.

The photograph of the experiment to measure magnetic fields using the DRS device.
[Image Credit: Raman Research Institute]


One of them uses a widely-used mathematical function, the ‘Fourier transform’ of the signal, named after its inventor Joseph Fourier. The Fourier transform of the signal lets them calculate how the rubidium atom’s energies vary, from which they can directly infer the magnetic field. A standard method of measuring the magnetic field analyses small frequency ranges of the signal separately. The researchers showed that their method speeds up the calculations compared to the standard method. Their improved method also increased their confidence in how the electrons’ energies vary more than ten times.


Sometimes, while measuring magnetic fields, the DRS may receive signals only for a short time. In such scenarios, it is essential to record the signal as it gets created without losing any part of it. The researchers successfully implemented this ability with the help of a combination of standard hardware and computer codes. They measured a magnetic field of 800 microgauss –– roughly a thousand times smaller than the Earth’s magnetic field, within a tenth of a second.


There was, however, a problem –– electromagnetic interference to the signal the DRS receives. “The source is the power supply to the digital receiver, and radio-frequency signals emanating from other nearby electronic devices, such as the computers, phones, lasers, and other laboratory instruments,” explains V. Mugundhan, another co-author of the study. They got rid of these sources by using a battery bank to power the DRS’s hardware components and shielded them entirely from interference using a 5-millimeter thick layer of mild steel. “We have also developed high-end data processing algorithms to remove the residual interference,” he adds.


The researchers applied an external magnetic field across the heated rubidium atoms. They demonstrated that their measurement of the magnetic field was consistent with what they expected. Thus, they demonstrated that their two-component digital receiver system works as an atomic magnetometer. “Our magnetometer can be deployed to measure unknown magnetic fields,” says Saptarishi.


Having demonstrated the functioning of a digital receiver system to precisely measure atomic magnetic fields, the researchers are open to large-scale manufacturing or commercialisation of the device. Such a step would require partners in the industry to show interest in the project. “There are no bottlenecks in manufacturing our device on large scales,” Saptarishi pointed out.

 

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Indian, US researchers develop algorithms to get clearer images from futuristic lensless cameras.

Indian, US researchers develop algorithms to get clearer images from futuristic lensless cameras

Researchers from IIT Madras and Rice University, USA have developed algorithms for lensless, miniature cameras that have applications in augmented/virtual reality, security, smart wearables, robotics among others. Lensless cameras are touted to be the future of miniature imaging technology, as...

www.google.com

 

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Machine learning helps pick out stars in a crowd

The new Artificial Intelligence based algorithm is very promising in automating and greatly speeding this process and may also find uses in other areas of analysis of patterns in biology and materials science: Secretary, DST, Prof Ashutosh Sharma

Posted On: 18 MAY 2021 5:51PM by PIB Delhi



Indian Astronomers have developed a new method based on Machine Learning that can identify cluster stars-- assembly of stars physically related through common origin, with much greater certainty. The method can be used on clusters of all ages, distances, and densities. The method has been used to identify hundreds of additional stars for six different clusters up to 18000 light-years away and uncover peculiar stars.


Studying stars and how they evolve is the cornerstone of astronomy. But understanding them is difficult since they are observed at different ages. A star cluster is, therefore, a great place to study stars. All stars in a star cluster have approximately the same age and chemistry, so any differences seen can be attributed to the peculiarities in individual stars with certainty. As the clusters are part of the Milky Way, there are many stars between us and the cluster, so it isn’t easy to identify and select the stars of a particular cluster.


A team of Astronomers from Indian Institute of Astrophysics (IIA), an autonomous institute of the Department of Science & Technology, Government of India used European Space Agency (ESA)’s recently released Gaia Early Data Release 3 (EDR3) which gives very accurate information about the brightness, parallax, and proper motion of more than a billion stars with an accuracy of 1 milli-arc-second (equivalent to seeing a person standing on the moon) to pick out the stars that are cluster members.


IIA team identified the crucial measurements for this task and understood the complex relationship between these parameters, using a machine learning technique called Probabilistic Random Forest. This uses a combination of parallax, proper motion, temperature, brightness and other parameters to classify each star as a cluster member or a non-member. The IIA team trained their algorithm using the most likely members from a model called the Gaussian Mixture Model, which can identify clumps of co-moving stars. The Probabilistic Random Forest algorithm then learns how to identify a typical cluster member star and efficiently takes out stars that share only similar proper motions or only similar velocities as the cluster itself. They used 10 parameters to identify members, after performing a trade study of all available parameters in the catalogue.


IIA team used the catalogue of members to identify the hottest stars in the six clusters using ultraviolet images from Ultra-Violet Imaging Telescope (UVIT) on the Indian space observatory ‘AstroSat’. This work has been published in the scientific journal ‘Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society’. Their work has already resulted in discovering hot subdwarf-B type stars (compact stars that are very rare) in open cluster King 2. A research paper on the same has been accepted for publication in the ‘Journal of Astrophysics and Astronomy’. The tool helped confirm that these stars are indeed part of the cluster, though showing unexpected properties.


The newly developed method can now identify cluster stars with much greater certainty and pinpoint individual stars that behave differently from their siblings. The team will apply the algorithms to more clusters in the future.


“Manual identification of stars belonging to a star-cluster is a daunting task owing to an armload of data to be analyzed. The new Artificial Intelligence based algorithm is very promising in automating and greatly speeding this process and may also find uses in other areas of analysis of patterns in biology and materials science,” said Prof Ashutosh Sharma, Secretary, DST.

Figure 1The first figure shows a group of stars moving in a particular direction that are all part of a star cluster (see more at , credits: ESA/Gaia/DPAC). Second figure shows the ultraviolet image of open cluster M67.

The first figure shows an example of the star cluster Hyades (in Rohini nakshatra). The arrows indicate the movement of the stars. The most likely cluster members are shown in yellow, all moving to the right with ~25 km/s. All stars in front or behind this group and having different velocities do not belong to the cluster.

 

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Virtual Imposters Beware of ‘FakeBuster’


Posted On: 19 MAY 2021 10:14AM by PIB Chandigarh



Researchers at the Indian Institute of Technology, Ropar in Punjab and Monash University, Australia have developed a unique detector named ‘FakeBuster’ to identify imposters attending a virtual conference without anybody’s knowledge. It can also find out faces manipulated on social media to defame or make a joke of someone.

In the present pandemic scenario when most of the official meetings and work is being done online, this standalone solution enables a user (organizer) to detect if another person's video is manipulated or spoofed during a video conferencing. That means the technique will find out if some imposter is attending a Webinar or virtual meeting on behalf of one of your colleagues by morphing his image with his own.


“Sophisticated artificial intelligence techniques have spurred a dramatic increase in manipulation of media contents. Such techniques keep evolving and become more realistic. That makes detection difficult which could have far reaching security implications”, said Dr. Abhinav Dhall, one of the key members of a four-man team that developed the ‘FakeBuster’. “The tool has achieved over 90 per cent accuracy” assures Dr. Dhall. The other three members include Associate Prof. Ramanathan Subramanian and two students Vineet Mehta and Parul Gupta.



Byte of Dr. Abhinav Dhall


A paper on this technique - FakeBuster: A DeepFakes Detection Tool for Video Conferencing Scenarios - has been presented in the 26th International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces, in USA, last month.



Dr. Dhall said that the usage of manipulated media content in spreading fake news, pornography and other such online content has been widely observed with major repercussions. He said such manipulations have recently found their way into video-calling platforms through spoofing tools based on transfer of facial expressions. These fake facial expressions are often convincing to human eye and can have serious implications. These real time mimicked visuals (videos) known as ‘Deepfakes’ can even be used during online examinations and job interviews.


This software platform is independent of video conferencing solutions and has been tested with Zoom and Skype applications.





The Deepfake detection tool-‘FakeBuster’ works in both online and offline modes. Since the device can presently be attached with laptops and desktops only “we are aiming to make the network smaller and lighter to enable it to run on mobile phones/devices as well”, informed Associate Prof. Subramanian. He said the team is working on using the device to detect fake audios also.



The team claims that this software platform ‘FakeBuster’ is one of the first tools to detect imposters during live video conferencing using DeepFake detection technology. The device has already been tested and would hit the market soon.

 

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Scientists discover new species of African Violet plant in Mizoram --इंडिया साइंस वायर
India Science Wire

4-5 minutes

Dr. Vinita Gowda (middle) along with his research scholars

Researchers at Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Bhopal have discovered a new species of plant belonging to the African Violets family in Mizoram and adjacent areas in Myanmar. This study shows that the biodiversity of the northeastern parts of India is understudied and there are many species of plants that remain undiscovered, say researchers.

Didymocarpus is a genus belonging to the plant family Gesneriaceae (commonly known as ‘African Violets’) and its members are distributed from Western Himalayas to Sumatra. Most of these species are narrow endemics and require specialized habitats to survive, thus acting as an indicator of pristine habitats. There are 106 currently known species of this genus, of which 26 are present in Northeastern states of India.

The newly-described species Didymocarpus vickifunkiae (Gesneriaceae) is currently known from only three locations in Mizoram and considered as an endangered species. It is an epiphyte (plants that grow on trees) and produces light pink flowers during the monsoons. The species is named in honour of Late Dr. Vicki Ann Funk, a renowned Botanist who worked at Smithsonian Institute, USA.

Discovered plant species

Didymocarpus is a genus belonging to the plant family Gesneriaceae (commonly known as ‘African Violets’) and its members are distributed from Western Himalayas to Sumatra. Most of these species are narrow endemics and require specialized habitats to survive, thus acting as an indicator of pristine habitats. There are 106 currently known species of this genus, of which 26 are present in Northeastern states of India.

The study is an outcome of extensive fieldwork across northeast India coupled with rigorous study of past collections kept in herbariums across the world, say IISER Bhopal statement. This study has been published in Systematic Botany journal in a paper co-authored by Prasanna N.S., Research Scholar, and Dr. Vinita Gowda, Associate Professor, Department of Biological Sciences, IISER Bhopal.

“Northeast India is home to highly diverse flora because of its unique biogeographic placement as part of two biodiversity hotspots: the Indo-Burma hotspot and the Eastern Himalayas, said Dr. Vinita Gowda.”

The new discovery brings new insights into the unique evolutionary trajectory of flora in this region of India. Beyond the academic desire to document biodiversity, finding the ‘missing pieces’ of the biodiversity puzzle are important in designing conservation approaches to protect the fragile ecosystem of such hotspots, say researchers.

Because of its complex geology and climatic conditions, Northeast India, is home to a diverse flora and fauna. However, much of it remains poorly documented. The IISER Bhopal team was studying the evolution and biogeography of Didymocarpus plants. While collecting the plants for study, authors stumbled upon a plant which was distinct from all botanically known plants. After critical examination of the morphology, published literature and past collections that are preserved in the natural history museums in India and UK, they described it as a new species.

The biodiversity in this region of the country is poorly known due to low priority in research, inaccessibility and remoteness, challenges that are being tackled by research groups such as the Tropical Ecology & Evolution (TrEE) lab. The team combines traditional processes of taxonomy with modern methods such as molecular phylogenetics to unravel the biodiversity of the Northeast and place it in the context of the larger Asian landscape.

India Science Wire

 

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Indian Scientists theory gives better knowledge on the space around Earth --


4 minutes

The structure of ion BGK waves

A novel theory by three Indian scientists has paved way to unlock the mysteries of the ionhole structures - a localized plasma region where the ion density is lower than the surrounding plasma.

Harikrishnan Aravindakshan, Prof. Amar Kakad, and Prof. Bharati Kakad from the Indian Institute of Geomagnetism (IIG), an autonomous institute under the Department of Science and Technology, have developed thetheory. Prof. Peter Yoon of the University of Maryland, USA also joined the Indian scientists.

The theory solves every bit of uncertainty regarding the conflict between the observations from Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) Mission. It’s a NASA robotic space mission to study the Earth's magnetosphere and theoretical predictions.

Observation of a BGK mode by the Magnetospheric Multiscale Spacecraft

The scientists have developed a theory that helps understand the complicated nature of Sun-Earth interactions happening in the magnetosphere, the space around Earth that is controlled by the Earth’s magnetic field. Using their theory, the scientists are now working towards a detailed study of the ion hole structures observed in various space and astrophysical environments.

The scientists have developed a theory that helps understand the complicated nature of Sun-Earth interactions happening in the magnetosphere, the space around Earth that is controlled by the Earth’s magnetic field.

Using their theory, the scientists are now working towards a detailed study of the ion hole structures observed in various space and astrophysical environments.

They have completely ruled out the necessity of the upper limit in the temperature ratio between ions and electrons for generation of a special kind of wave called Bernstein Green Kruskal (BGK) waves, named after the scientists who predicted this wave. They revealed that the electrons that are not part of ion hole dynamics also play a vital role. The work has been published in the journal, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society.

On 2 November 2017, NASA's expedition to unlock Sun-Earth interaction's complicated nature, the MMS spacecraft, observed negative monopolar potential, electric field potentials which can be visualized in the form of single-humped, pulse-type structures.

The scientific community suddenly recognized its importance, and several publications were presented. But none of the available theories could explain the characteristics of these structures due to the exotic background conditions.

The new theory developed by the IIG team now provides a better understanding of their characteristics and sheds light on the generation of these structures leading to the unravelling of nature's greatest mystery that causes the phenomena, plasma transport and heating of plasma, the fourth state of matter after solid, liquid, and gas, which is the most natural and widely observed state of matter in the entire universe.