Structure of Russian industry
Machinery construction, Industry of Russia
Machine building is the leading industry in Russia, which is concentrated mostly in Moscow, St. Petersburg, the Urals, Volga region, and Westerns Siberia. It provides all other industries with equipment and machinery. The share of machine building in Russian economy is almost 30%. Machine building industries have a rather quite complex structure consisting of over 70 branches. The most important are electronics, computers, robotics, instrument building, agricultural and transport machine building, railway cars manufacture, aircraft building, ship building etc.
Chemical and petrochemical industry in Russia
Russian chemical industry plays an important role in the economic development of the country. Chemical industry provides chemical raw materials mining (apatites and phosphorites, common and potassium salts, sulfur and several other products), basic chemistry and chemistry of organic synthesis.
Basic chemistry includes production of mineral fertilizers, chlorine, sodium, sulfuric acid and other products. Chemistry of organic synthesis comprises production of synthetic rubber, plastics, synthetic resins, and chemical fibers.
All potassium salts are mined in the world's largest Solikamsk field (in the north of Perm oblast) with fertilizer produced in the cities of Solikamsk and Berezniki. Another major field of phosphate raw material is located in Egoryevskoye, Moscow oblast. Most of the nitrogen fertilizers are produced in Tula oblast, Smolensk region, Togliatti, Novgorod, Magnitogorsk, Nizhny Tagil, Lipetsk, and Cherepovets. Manufacture of synthetic rubber is located in Yaroslavl, Voronezh, Efremov, Tula region, and Kazan. Later it appeared in Volga region, the Urals, and Krasnoyarsk. Production of plastics and synthetic resins is situated in Volga region and Western Siberia.
Mining and Processing of Fuel and Electric Power Production in Russia
Fuel and energy complex supplies fuel and electricity to all sectors of economy and ensures economy development. Products of fuel and energy complex are currently the main export of Russia. Fuel and energy complex is composed of mining and processing of various fuels and electric power production. FEC also comprises industries engaged in production, transportation, processing of primary energy resources (oil, gas, coal). Russia is second largest producer of electric power after the United States, and the 3rd after the United States and China in domestic power consumption. Russia exports almost 40% of primary power resources.Major oil companies: «Tyumen Oil Company» (TNK), «NK Lukoil», «Surgutneftegaz», «NK Rosneft», «Tatneft», «Sibneft», «Sidanko», «NTK Slavyanneft», «ANK Bashneft».
The importance of gas production for the country's industry is growing. Over 85% of the gas is produced in West Siberia and then exported to the CIS, Baltic States and abroad.
Stockpiles of coal in Russia are the largest in the world; the energy potential of the coal industry is much higher than the oil industry.
Ferrous and Nonferrous Metallurgy in Russia
Metallurgy complex of Russia includes the extraction of metal ores, their enrichment, metal smelting, production of roll stock. This industry includes ferrous and nonferrous metallurgy. More than 90% of the metal used in the national economy are ferrous metals with steel leading the way. In the steel industry there are following types of enterprises: full cycle metallurgical plants, the ones producing pig iron, steel and roll stock, steel plants, ferroalloy production of iron alloys with chromium, manganese, silicon and other elements; light metallurgy - steel and roll stock production in the machine-building plants; direct ore reduction.
Non-ferrous metals metallurgy's volumes of production are significantly lower than those of in ferrous. But the price of its products is much higher. Among them are heavy non-ferrous metals (copper, zinc, lead, nickel, chromium), lightweight (aluminum, magnesium, titanium), alloys (used as an additive to steel - tungsten, molybdenum, vanadium), and precious (gold, silver, platinum). Copper ores have been mined in Russia in the Urals for a long time. The major center of mining and melting of copper ores is Norilsk. Lead-zinc ores are mined in the mountainous areas of Kuzbass and some - in North Ossetia. The largest aluminum plants are located in Bratsk and Krasnoyarsk. Together they provide about half of Russia's aluminum. Production of tin ore is situated in the Far East and Siberia, and metals melting - in Novosibirsk.
Agriculture of Russia
Agro-industrial complex of Russian Federation consists of industries specializing in production of agricultural products, their processing and storage, as well as the ones supplying agriculture and processing industry with the means of production. Agriculture is the main part of agro-industrial complex. It is characterized by large-scale production. Agricultural lands make up 219.6 million hectares. Major agricultural crops are grain, sugar beets, sunflowers, potatoes, and flax. Among the crops cultivated in Russia are rye, wheat, barley, oats, corn, millet, buckwheat, rice, and legumes (peas, beans, soy beans, lentils). Overall production of cereals and leguminous plants puts Russia in the fourth place in the world (after China, USA and India). Crop farming provides about 40% of the gross output of agriculture; livestock - more than 60%. Livestock is represented by dairy, meat and wool industries.