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ISRO news and views
- Thread starter A.V.
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Thanks Nitesh for the report
Another one on the same:
The Telegraph - Calcutta (Kolkata) | Nation | Unexplained orbit shift for moon craft
Unexplained orbit shift for moon craft
G.S. MUDUR
New Delhi, May 20: Indian space engineers have raised the orbit of Chandrayaan-1 from 100km to 200km above the lunar surface, taking the spacecraft away from what was intended to be its orbital home for two years.
Isro said today the orbit was raised after “the successful completion of all major mission objectives”, but mission scientists said “significant amount of mapping” and observational tasks remained incomplete.
Three scientists engaged in observing the moon using Chandrayaan-1’s onboard instruments said they were unaware of the technical reasons that had necessitated the orbit-raising manoeuvre.
India’s first lunar orbiter, in orbit since November 2008, carries five Indian and five foreign-made scientific payloads.
“The 200km orbit is stable and requires very little maintenance, and could thus help increase the life of the spacecraft,” an Isro official said. “We have completed one cycle of observations. Instead of repeating them from the same orbit, we’re going higher.”
In the higher orbit, the spatial resolution — the size of the smallest detectable feature — of some payloads will change, showing less detail in images. The resolution is a measure of the ability of an instrument to capture fine detail — the smaller the resolution, the sharper the image.
An instrument for mineral mapping designed for a resolution of 80 metres will now be able to deliver images of resolution 160 metres from the higher altitude.
Isro did not specify why it decided to raise the orbit but merely stated that the higher orbit would enable studies on the gravitational field variations of the moon and mapping with a wider swathe.
Some scientists were speculating whether the change had anything to do with the heat the spacecraft had experienced in the 100km orbit. Several instruments were shut down in November for several weeks to prevent overheating.
“The new orbit may make life easier for the spacecraft,” said Martin Wieser, a scientist from the Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Sweden, who helped build a payload on Chandrayaan-1. “The 100km (orbit) is inherently unstable and you need to make frequent corrections to stay in orbit.”
Another one on the same:
The Telegraph - Calcutta (Kolkata) | Nation | Unexplained orbit shift for moon craft
Unexplained orbit shift for moon craft
G.S. MUDUR
New Delhi, May 20: Indian space engineers have raised the orbit of Chandrayaan-1 from 100km to 200km above the lunar surface, taking the spacecraft away from what was intended to be its orbital home for two years.
Isro said today the orbit was raised after “the successful completion of all major mission objectives”, but mission scientists said “significant amount of mapping” and observational tasks remained incomplete.
Three scientists engaged in observing the moon using Chandrayaan-1’s onboard instruments said they were unaware of the technical reasons that had necessitated the orbit-raising manoeuvre.
India’s first lunar orbiter, in orbit since November 2008, carries five Indian and five foreign-made scientific payloads.
“The 200km orbit is stable and requires very little maintenance, and could thus help increase the life of the spacecraft,” an Isro official said. “We have completed one cycle of observations. Instead of repeating them from the same orbit, we’re going higher.”
In the higher orbit, the spatial resolution — the size of the smallest detectable feature — of some payloads will change, showing less detail in images. The resolution is a measure of the ability of an instrument to capture fine detail — the smaller the resolution, the sharper the image.
An instrument for mineral mapping designed for a resolution of 80 metres will now be able to deliver images of resolution 160 metres from the higher altitude.
Isro did not specify why it decided to raise the orbit but merely stated that the higher orbit would enable studies on the gravitational field variations of the moon and mapping with a wider swathe.
Some scientists were speculating whether the change had anything to do with the heat the spacecraft had experienced in the 100km orbit. Several instruments were shut down in November for several weeks to prevent overheating.
“The new orbit may make life easier for the spacecraft,” said Martin Wieser, a scientist from the Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Sweden, who helped build a payload on Chandrayaan-1. “The 100km (orbit) is inherently unstable and you need to make frequent corrections to stay in orbit.”
Pintu
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^^^ I am here stand critical about the journalist's remarks of the cause shown by the ISRO of the maneuvers of the orbit raising , what the word 'merely' used for , is the reporter himself is the master of all ? Respect should be shown to the ISRO.
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They are DDM yaar take it with a pinch of salt
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This might partly explain the orbital shift. I think India and the US have a understanding. There is something in chandrayaan that still obsesses them.
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Chandrayaan hunts for signs of water on moon
Isro scientists, however, say they have to fully analyse the data to establish the presence of water on the moon, vital for any potential human settlement
K. Raghu
Bangalore: India’s first mission to the moon may have returned enough data to corroborate a four-decade-old theory on lunar highlands and to validate several other yet unproven theories about its origins. The mission now continues on a key hunt: for evidence of water on the moon.
Seven months after India launched Chandrayaan–1, scientists of the Indian Space Research Organisation, or Isro, say the spacecraft has sent back data indicating that the lunar highlands are the result of the magma ocean, created by volcanic bursts during the moon’s origins.
Magma is the liquid or molten rock that’s spewed from deep within a planet or satellite’s surface during volcanic eruptions. The molten rock solidifies over billions of years over the surface, cooled by outside environment.
Initial data from the mission show, for the first time, floors of dark polar craters, mineral content and corroborates the highlands theory. Isro scientists, however, say they have to fully analyse the data to establish the presence of water on the moon, vital for any potential human settlement. “We have analysed only a third of the data we have got so far,” said J.N. Goswami, principal investigator of the mission and director of the Physics Research Laboratory in Ahmedabad. Goswami and other investigators presented 10 papers at a lunar conference in Houston in March, revealing the magma ocean.
The lunar probe, with 11 instruments, including six from the US and Europe, has hovered about 100km over the moon’s surface since its launch in October. It beamed back to earth thousands of three-dimensional images that will help scientists map the chemical composition of the moon’s atmosphere and surface for minerals and water.
The National Aeronautics and Space Agency’s (Nasa) moon mineralogy mapper, or M3, on the Indian spacecraft picked data to indicate that the moon’s highlands were of the magma ocean, the scientists said in presentations at the conference.
Evidence of the magma ocean was also picked by Japan’s Selene Kaguya spacecraft, for the first time after 40 years of bringing moon rock samples from Nasa’s Apollo mission to earth. Brown University’s Carle Pieters, principal investigator of M3, declined to comment to a email questionnaire sent by Mint.
The terrain mapping cameras snapped images deep inside dark polar craters that are permanently shadowed from the sun, and identified iron-bearing minerals in the surface, according to Isro scientists.
Chandrayaan hunts for signs of water on moon - Technology - livemint.com
Isro scientists, however, say they have to fully analyse the data to establish the presence of water on the moon, vital for any potential human settlement
K. Raghu
Bangalore: India’s first mission to the moon may have returned enough data to corroborate a four-decade-old theory on lunar highlands and to validate several other yet unproven theories about its origins. The mission now continues on a key hunt: for evidence of water on the moon.
Seven months after India launched Chandrayaan–1, scientists of the Indian Space Research Organisation, or Isro, say the spacecraft has sent back data indicating that the lunar highlands are the result of the magma ocean, created by volcanic bursts during the moon’s origins.
Magma is the liquid or molten rock that’s spewed from deep within a planet or satellite’s surface during volcanic eruptions. The molten rock solidifies over billions of years over the surface, cooled by outside environment.
Initial data from the mission show, for the first time, floors of dark polar craters, mineral content and corroborates the highlands theory. Isro scientists, however, say they have to fully analyse the data to establish the presence of water on the moon, vital for any potential human settlement. “We have analysed only a third of the data we have got so far,” said J.N. Goswami, principal investigator of the mission and director of the Physics Research Laboratory in Ahmedabad. Goswami and other investigators presented 10 papers at a lunar conference in Houston in March, revealing the magma ocean.
The lunar probe, with 11 instruments, including six from the US and Europe, has hovered about 100km over the moon’s surface since its launch in October. It beamed back to earth thousands of three-dimensional images that will help scientists map the chemical composition of the moon’s atmosphere and surface for minerals and water.
The National Aeronautics and Space Agency’s (Nasa) moon mineralogy mapper, or M3, on the Indian spacecraft picked data to indicate that the moon’s highlands were of the magma ocean, the scientists said in presentations at the conference.
Evidence of the magma ocean was also picked by Japan’s Selene Kaguya spacecraft, for the first time after 40 years of bringing moon rock samples from Nasa’s Apollo mission to earth. Brown University’s Carle Pieters, principal investigator of M3, declined to comment to a email questionnaire sent by Mint.
The terrain mapping cameras snapped images deep inside dark polar craters that are permanently shadowed from the sun, and identified iron-bearing minerals in the surface, according to Isro scientists.
Chandrayaan hunts for signs of water on moon - Technology - livemint.com
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Chandrayaan-I data expected in six months - Pune - Cities - The Times of India
Chandrayaan-I data expected in six months
PUNE: Analysis of the data collected from Chandrayaan-I spacecraft is expected to come out with in six months, said G Madhavan Nair, chairman of the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO).
Nair was speaking to the media at the Defence Institute of Advanced Technology (DIAT), Khadakwasla, on Thursday. "Almost all the mapping of Chandrayaan has been completed. Now, the scientists are working on the data. The analysis of the data is going on. Results of it are expected in around six months' time."
Elaborating on some of the recent upgradations in the mission, Nair said: "The orbit of Chandrayaan-I, which was at a height of 100 km from the lunar surface, has been raised to 200 km. The orbit-raising manoeuvres were carried out in May. The higher altitude will enable further studies on orbit perturbations, and gravitational field variation of the Moon and also help imaging the lunar surface with a wider swath."
Nair, who is also the secretary, department of space, delivered a lecture on the Recent achievements in space science', on the occasion of the First DIAT Commemoration on Thursday.
During the lecture he pointed out that there were some signals of water' on the moon.
About the other initiatives of the ISRO, Nair said: "Work on the human space flight programme' is going on. Anybody who fits the criteria can be a part of this programme. The selection for that would be done during 2010-2011."
The still-unnamed Indian human spaceflight programme aims at developing and launching a spaceship which can carry a two-member crew to moon by 2015. The spaceship would be launched by India's GSLV-Mk II launcher.
Chandrayaan-I data expected in six months
PUNE: Analysis of the data collected from Chandrayaan-I spacecraft is expected to come out with in six months, said G Madhavan Nair, chairman of the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO).
Nair was speaking to the media at the Defence Institute of Advanced Technology (DIAT), Khadakwasla, on Thursday. "Almost all the mapping of Chandrayaan has been completed. Now, the scientists are working on the data. The analysis of the data is going on. Results of it are expected in around six months' time."
Elaborating on some of the recent upgradations in the mission, Nair said: "The orbit of Chandrayaan-I, which was at a height of 100 km from the lunar surface, has been raised to 200 km. The orbit-raising manoeuvres were carried out in May. The higher altitude will enable further studies on orbit perturbations, and gravitational field variation of the Moon and also help imaging the lunar surface with a wider swath."
Nair, who is also the secretary, department of space, delivered a lecture on the Recent achievements in space science', on the occasion of the First DIAT Commemoration on Thursday.
During the lecture he pointed out that there were some signals of water' on the moon.
About the other initiatives of the ISRO, Nair said: "Work on the human space flight programme' is going on. Anybody who fits the criteria can be a part of this programme. The selection for that would be done during 2010-2011."
The still-unnamed Indian human spaceflight programme aims at developing and launching a spaceship which can carry a two-member crew to moon by 2015. The spaceship would be launched by India's GSLV-Mk II launcher.
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Next ISRO launch in July-August: Nair
THIRUVANANTHAPURAM: The Indian Space Research Organisation plans to launch its indigenously built satellite 'Ocean Sat' on Polar Satellite Launch
Vehicle by July-August, ISRO Chairman G Madhavan Nair said here today.
"It will be a unique mission and the satellite would enable us to study the sea surface, wind and also track down the fishing zones," Nair told reporters on the sidelines of a national seminar on 'Aerospace Expanding Frontiers-Technologies and Challenges' here.
"We are planning the mission by July end or early August from the launch pad in Sriharikota," he said.
"Chandrayaan has completed its mission and it was a 100 per cent success," Nair said when asked about the country's first moon-mission.
"We have mapped the entire lunar surface and the data collected have been given to scientific community for analysing, results of which will be out soon," he said.
Nair said no trace of water was found on the Moon's surface. "But, we have found traces of magnesium and calcium."
Earlier, inaugurating the seminar, Nair said country would be capable of developing its own 'Capsule' to transport human beings to space by 2015.
'Space Travel' is an important part of ISRO's future mission programmes, Nair said, adding developing technology for the same was a big challenge before the country.
THIRUVANANTHAPURAM: The Indian Space Research Organisation plans to launch its indigenously built satellite 'Ocean Sat' on Polar Satellite Launch
Vehicle by July-August, ISRO Chairman G Madhavan Nair said here today.
"It will be a unique mission and the satellite would enable us to study the sea surface, wind and also track down the fishing zones," Nair told reporters on the sidelines of a national seminar on 'Aerospace Expanding Frontiers-Technologies and Challenges' here.
"We are planning the mission by July end or early August from the launch pad in Sriharikota," he said.
"Chandrayaan has completed its mission and it was a 100 per cent success," Nair said when asked about the country's first moon-mission.
"We have mapped the entire lunar surface and the data collected have been given to scientific community for analysing, results of which will be out soon," he said.
Nair said no trace of water was found on the Moon's surface. "But, we have found traces of magnesium and calcium."
Earlier, inaugurating the seminar, Nair said country would be capable of developing its own 'Capsule' to transport human beings to space by 2015.
'Space Travel' is an important part of ISRO's future mission programmes, Nair said, adding developing technology for the same was a big challenge before the country.
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Japan, India plan joint space research project
2009-06-12 15:00:00
Japan and India plan to launch their first joint space research project this year, an experiment in growing plants in zero gravity, a Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency researcher said Friday.
The two Asian powers are set to launch a small and unmanned Indian-made satellite in October, carrying Japanese laboratory equipment, that is set to orbit for about one week at a height of around 600 kilometres (370 miles).
Aboard the satellite they will seek to grow a type of algae, said Noriaki Ishioka, a professor for Japan's space agency JAXA, who called the experiment "a basic study on photosynthetic activity in space."
"We will retrieve the satellite after a week or so and conduct genetic examinations on how the zero-gravity environment affects photosynthesis."
While the project could eventually pave the way for "space farming," he cautioned that the basic experiment -- using a type of algae called spirulina, not related to the food supplement of the same name -- was an early step.
"Spirulina is edible, but it doesn't taste so good," he said.
Japan already sends astronauts to the International Space Station and has conducted a variety of space experiments in its Kibo laboratory.
But the joint project with the Indian Space Research Organisation aims to allow Japan to diversify its channels for space research.
Japan, India plan joint space research project
2009-06-12 15:00:00
Japan and India plan to launch their first joint space research project this year, an experiment in growing plants in zero gravity, a Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency researcher said Friday.
The two Asian powers are set to launch a small and unmanned Indian-made satellite in October, carrying Japanese laboratory equipment, that is set to orbit for about one week at a height of around 600 kilometres (370 miles).
Aboard the satellite they will seek to grow a type of algae, said Noriaki Ishioka, a professor for Japan's space agency JAXA, who called the experiment "a basic study on photosynthetic activity in space."
"We will retrieve the satellite after a week or so and conduct genetic examinations on how the zero-gravity environment affects photosynthesis."
While the project could eventually pave the way for "space farming," he cautioned that the basic experiment -- using a type of algae called spirulina, not related to the food supplement of the same name -- was an early step.
"Spirulina is edible, but it doesn't taste so good," he said.
Japan already sends astronauts to the International Space Station and has conducted a variety of space experiments in its Kibo laboratory.
But the joint project with the Indian Space Research Organisation aims to allow Japan to diversify its channels for space research.
Japan, India plan joint space research project
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Dear sir,
yes, it is a very important issue to address. a global effort is required to ensure space security. as far as indian space security is concerned we have heaps of national resources on disposal to our very sensitive space programs.
Issues like space security and non weaponization/militarization of space is a very current debate now a days in world media. There are hundreds of article available on line addressing this issue.
Militarization and Weaponization of Outer Space ? Global Issues
But nations like US and china are bio feeding each other to advance militarization of space. The Typical chines gesture to violate of UN security resolution by hitting her own satellite is not a issue of surprise and havoc.
The exploration and use of outer space … shall be for peaceful purposes and shall be carried out for the benefit and in the interest of all countries, irrespective of their degree of economic or scientific development. … [The] prevention of an arms race in outer space would avert a grave danger for international peace and security''
— Prevention of an arms race in outer space, United Nations General Assembly Resolution, A/RES/55/32, January 2001. (PDF Document)
As mentioned above that Indian space program is very sensitive due to its age and our affordability to maintain its high standard. we have to address this issue aggressively. the global political effort with Russia, European union, Australia and India itself can be practiced to pressure stubborn china and US.
Although my personal opinion on this topic is to follow the golden rule of parallel power as far as Indian prospective is concerned. Cause Global effort to ensure space security is a very laborious and complex effort given the liabilities and loyalties of each nation with china and USA.
However India has many security challenges from Pakistan and china itself. The possibility of china to use Pakistan against India can not be ruled out; 'sorry' its well known, to destabilize Indian defense and economy. For instance ISI is at large to influx fake currency in India, chines manufactures defaming India by printing made in India on their shitty goods, bullying in AP, nuclear proliferation to PAK etc etc, the list is on.
so the parallel power mantra is that i would like to see India sabatoshing space orbiting veteran Indian mass within one year!
Off course we can do it with a blink of an eye. i am not sure that India may be concerned of its Geo-political effects. but the question is; who cares Geo-political effects if national security is at stake ?
Thanks
would appreciate your time to respond on this issue.
Beggars have no choice
Pintu
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Chandrayaan-1 is sole moon craft in space - India - The Times of India
Chandrayaan-1 is sole moon craft in space
12 Jun 2009, 0500 hrs IST, Srinivas Laxman, TNN
MUMBAI: Chandrayaan-1 has become the only space craft orbiting the moon after the mission by Japan ended on Wednesday night. India attained the unique status at 11.55 pm when Japanese mooncraft Kaguya crashed on the southern side of the moon. Kaguya had carried out lunar observations for 17 months since its launch on September 14, 2007.
Chinese lunar craft Chang'e-1, which was launched on October 24, 2007, had crashed on March 2 ending its mission. Chandrayaan-1 was launched on October 22, 2008.
Isro officials said on Thursday that India rocketed into this ununsual position following the crash of Kaguya. "With the Chinese and Japanese moon missions having ended, Chandrayaan—1 is now the only operational spacecraft orbiting the moon,'' said a senior Isro official.
The unique status of Chandrayaan—1 will end on June 21 when Nasa's Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter, slated for lift—off on June 17, enters the lunar orbit.
The Isro official said Chandrayaan—1's Sara payload, which is one of the six foreign instruments on board the mooncraft, would be studying the impact of Kaguya's crash and the debris and dust it threw up.
Sara — an acronym for Sub Kev Atom Reflecting Analyser — is a joint project of the Swedish Institute of Space Physics and Isro's Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre at Thiruvanathanapuram. The use of Sara for analysing data following the crash of Kaguya is considered significant because the Institute of Space and Astronautical Science of the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (Jaxa) has also contributed towards its development. Among the functions of Sara are imaging the moon's surface composition, studying solar wind surface interaction and analysing space weather.
The launch of Nasa's lunar orbiter is important to India because data will be shared and compared with information so far gathered from Chandrayaan-1 mission.
Nasa spokesperson Ashley Edwards told TOI that there are two related radar instruments on the two missions —— Mini Sar on Chandrayaan-1 and Mini-RF on the lunar orbiter. "We expect that the Mini-RF team will target some of the locations on the moon's surface that have been imaged by Mini-Sar. This will enable comparision of instruments' performance and support common calibration conditions,'' Edwards said.
Edwards explained that in addition to these efforts the Lunar Crater Observation and Sensing Satellite (LCROSS) on board the lunar orbiter would use data from Mini-Sar on Chandrayaan-1 to assess the surface roughness of potential impact target locations. "The LCROSS targeting team will also benefit from being aware of any potential indications of water ice identified by Chandrayaan's Mini-Sar,'' he added.
Chandrayaan-1 is sole moon craft in space
12 Jun 2009, 0500 hrs IST, Srinivas Laxman, TNN
MUMBAI: Chandrayaan-1 has become the only space craft orbiting the moon after the mission by Japan ended on Wednesday night. India attained the unique status at 11.55 pm when Japanese mooncraft Kaguya crashed on the southern side of the moon. Kaguya had carried out lunar observations for 17 months since its launch on September 14, 2007.
Chinese lunar craft Chang'e-1, which was launched on October 24, 2007, had crashed on March 2 ending its mission. Chandrayaan-1 was launched on October 22, 2008.
Isro officials said on Thursday that India rocketed into this ununsual position following the crash of Kaguya. "With the Chinese and Japanese moon missions having ended, Chandrayaan—1 is now the only operational spacecraft orbiting the moon,'' said a senior Isro official.
The unique status of Chandrayaan—1 will end on June 21 when Nasa's Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter, slated for lift—off on June 17, enters the lunar orbit.
The Isro official said Chandrayaan—1's Sara payload, which is one of the six foreign instruments on board the mooncraft, would be studying the impact of Kaguya's crash and the debris and dust it threw up.
Sara — an acronym for Sub Kev Atom Reflecting Analyser — is a joint project of the Swedish Institute of Space Physics and Isro's Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre at Thiruvanathanapuram. The use of Sara for analysing data following the crash of Kaguya is considered significant because the Institute of Space and Astronautical Science of the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (Jaxa) has also contributed towards its development. Among the functions of Sara are imaging the moon's surface composition, studying solar wind surface interaction and analysing space weather.
The launch of Nasa's lunar orbiter is important to India because data will be shared and compared with information so far gathered from Chandrayaan-1 mission.
Nasa spokesperson Ashley Edwards told TOI that there are two related radar instruments on the two missions —— Mini Sar on Chandrayaan-1 and Mini-RF on the lunar orbiter. "We expect that the Mini-RF team will target some of the locations on the moon's surface that have been imaged by Mini-Sar. This will enable comparision of instruments' performance and support common calibration conditions,'' Edwards said.
Edwards explained that in addition to these efforts the Lunar Crater Observation and Sensing Satellite (LCROSS) on board the lunar orbiter would use data from Mini-Sar on Chandrayaan-1 to assess the surface roughness of potential impact target locations. "The LCROSS targeting team will also benefit from being aware of any potential indications of water ice identified by Chandrayaan's Mini-Sar,'' he added.
Pintu
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Oceansat 2 is ready for launch
Oceansat 2 set for launch - India - The Times of India
Oceansat 2 set for launch
13 Jun 2009, 0436 hrs IST, TNN
THIRUVANANTHAPURAM: The Indian Space Research Organisation (Isro) is ready for the launch of its latest satellite , Oceansat-2. In orbit, the satellite would help India focus better on the cyclones rushing in through the coast and boost the capabilities to predict advancing monsoons.
Isro chairman G Madhavan Nair said on Friday that the space agency was "planning the mission by July end or early August 2009.''
The indigenously built satellite will be launched by the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle. The vehicle will lift off from Sriharikotta.
"It will be a unique mission and the satellite will help us study sea surface, wind and also track fishing zones,'' Nair said. Oceansat-2 is thesecond from Isro stable in the IRS series for ocean research and will replace its predecessor Oceansat-1, which was put into orbit in 1999.
Oceansat-2 will carry three sensors - Ocean Colour Monitor, Ku-band pencil beam Scatterometer and an Italian payload called Radio Occultation Sounder for the Atmosphere. Data from these payloads will aid research in oceanographic and atmospheric science.
Oceansat 2 set for launch - India - The Times of India
Oceansat 2 set for launch
13 Jun 2009, 0436 hrs IST, TNN
THIRUVANANTHAPURAM: The Indian Space Research Organisation (Isro) is ready for the launch of its latest satellite , Oceansat-2. In orbit, the satellite would help India focus better on the cyclones rushing in through the coast and boost the capabilities to predict advancing monsoons.
Isro chairman G Madhavan Nair said on Friday that the space agency was "planning the mission by July end or early August 2009.''
The indigenously built satellite will be launched by the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle. The vehicle will lift off from Sriharikotta.
"It will be a unique mission and the satellite will help us study sea surface, wind and also track fishing zones,'' Nair said. Oceansat-2 is thesecond from Isro stable in the IRS series for ocean research and will replace its predecessor Oceansat-1, which was put into orbit in 1999.
Oceansat-2 will carry three sensors - Ocean Colour Monitor, Ku-band pencil beam Scatterometer and an Italian payload called Radio Occultation Sounder for the Atmosphere. Data from these payloads will aid research in oceanographic and atmospheric science.
Pintu
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Link of The Hindu report on ISRO's comment regarding India's manned mission.
The Hindu : National : India confident of manned space programme: ISRO
Regards
The Hindu : National : India confident of manned space programme: ISRO
Regards
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