Just finished a book about Robert Hanssen, the most damaging spy in US history, so have some points.
- What is security structure like in PSUs- or is there even one.
- Is there a system of a federal background check for appointees to high positions?
- Are people security-interviewed for senior positions? Are polygraphs done?
Back in the 1990s there was a big flap at RAW HQ when a security check revealed almost every senior employee was taking documents home. Of course our eminent bureaucrats put the heat on the security officer, because how dare he question 'seniors'.
This was at a time when the most damaging RAW spy in history was active. Question: are senior people treated above the law? If suspected, is there a provision for sitting them down and interviewing them?
What are punishments like? The american model relies on terrifying prison sentences to act as deterrence- like the Indian origin Lockheed engineer who betrayed B-2 Bomber secrets to China (thank him for the Xian H-20).
The British model relies more on extracting a confession and knowing the full depth of the penetration.
Both have advantages. In the 1990s when a high level CIA penetration was discovered in the RAW field office in chennai, the guilty parties were allowed to retire quietly. It is totally possible their families never knew and everyone thought of them as deshbhakts!
The reason is say this is: while a polygraph won't tell you if the person will betray national secret on this day and date for this reason, it WILL tell you if the person has a PROCLIVITY for doing so. It will expose the weaknesses in the person.