@TrueSpirit1
Who are Pashtuns originally ? I mean, racially, genetically & anthropology-wise ?
The identity of any group is primarily linguistic and going by this benchmark, Pashtuns are speakers of a language which comes under Iranian group.
This does not mean that it is not different, basically Pashto is a north east Iranian language unlike Persian which is western item of larger Iranian group. Hence, Kurdish, Baloch and Persian are as much related as Oriya, Bengali and Assamese but Pashto is quite different. Just as modern day Hindi is descendant of Prakrit of Mauryan times, similarly Pashto is descendant of language spoken by Central Asiatic Scythians.
Anthropologically, Pashtuns are not that different from other Indic groups of same region. So a Saraiki like Shah Mahmud Kuraishi would fit in easily among Pashtuns. However, to be precise, Pashtuns are actually a mixed group( all are mixed but some are more and mixing occurs in recent times) of existing Indo Aryans like Hindkos and incoming invading groups like wakhan . So, it seems that an Iranian nomadic group attacked Indo Aryan society of Gandhara, killed lot of them, took women and assimilated them into their own identity.
Genetically, ASI( Ancestral south Indian) which is purely indigenous and is unique to India existing as high as 85-90 percent among South Indian tribals, is lowest in Pashtuns( now, sir if you apply your mind even little bit you would know that what I said about them being half descendants of Indo Aryans would be true) with it ranging anywhere between 10-30 pc with 20 being average.
20 Percent ASI is not a small Indic component when you realize that Punjabis have it only around 30-35 and no one doubts about Indic character of Punjabis.
Rest of their ancestry is also related to Indians. A pashtun may look remarkably different from an average man of Uttar Pradesh but shares 40 percent of his ancestry with him.
How did they emerge on the scene out of nowhere in early medieval-age & why is so little known about them beyond the past 1 millennium ?
The area where they emerged was our own, we did not keep records( Indians hate history writing and this is evident from this forum), they(pashtuns) were nomadic so no question of much records. Anyway, nomadic groups changing language of any region is often shrouded in mystery. For instance, we do not know how Turkicization of Anatolia took place in precise manner.
What is it that differentiates them from other tribes/clans inhabiting Central Asian regions
Let us list some clans of central Asia.please do not use term central asia for Gandhara where these brutal Pashtuns live. Gandhara was, is and will always be indic.
1. Tajiks- nothing but Persians living in western , northern Afghanistan and Sogdiana. Tajik language is same as " Farsi"
2. Kazakhs- They are turks of kipchak group
3. Kirghiz- Turks of kipchak group just like Kazakh but have an older history
4. Hazaras- Descendants of Mongol soldiers in Afghanistan and are mongoloid.
5. Uzbek- Turks who are genetically Persians mixed with Mongoloid Turks. Uzbek language is related to Chagatai( the language in which Babur wrote his autobiography) and Uighurs
6. Turkmen- Turks of great Oguzz tribe. The Ottomans and Safavids spoke languages belonging to Oguzz group .
7. Baloch- Western Iranians like Kurds.
8. Wakhan- Allied group to Pashtuns
9. Yagnobis- Iranians of old sogdian variety.
All these central asian clans are united by Islam and Persian culture. Pashtuns are most Indic among them as they have high ASI and live in lands east of Kabul river primarily.
How & when did Pakhtoonwali emerge & why has it survived to this date
I am yet to read on this so sorry for not replying.
Why are Paktoons such fanatic Islamist
For same reason why Arabs of Yemen and Saudi Arabia are more fanatic than those of Egypt.