China, Sri Lanka agree loans, defence

[MAYURA]

Hope Lanka play it smart, China do want to extract max out of this.

Perhapns Sri Lankans have not realized that in this region China is toothless tiger and they can not play this card without any limit.

 

[The Last Stand]

Name one Tamil king who fought.

Veerapandya Kattabomman. 'Nuff Said.

 

[HeinzGud]

Veerapandya Kattabomman. 'Nuff Said.

What are you nuts? Why always confuse SL with India.

I want a king from so called 1000 year old Jaffna kingdom

 

[ersakthivel]

No No my friend not only hill tamils but Jaffna and Batticolo tamils were also immigrants. You say hill Tamils are the only ones because British has records of them. But Dutch didn't. If you want to learn about the history of Jaffna refer to father Querso's works.

History of Tamils in Sri Lanka

Sri Lankan Tamil people - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Settlements of culturally similar early populations of ancient Sri Lanka and ancient Tamil Nadu in India were excavated at megalithic burial sites at Pomparippu on the west coast and in Kathiraveli on the east coast of the island. Bearing a remarkable resemblance to burials in the early Pandyan kingdom, these sites were established between the 5th century BCE and 2nd century CE.[24][28] Excavated ceramic sequences similar to that of Arikamedu were found in Kandarodai (Kadiramalai) on the north coast, dated to 1300 BCE. Cultural similarities in burial practices in South India and Sri Lanka were dated by archaeologists to 10th century BCE. However, Indian history and archaeology have pushed the date back to 15th century BCE. In Sri Lanka, there is radiometric evidence from Anuradhapura that the non-Brahmi symbol-bearing black and red ware occur in the 10th century BCE.[29] The skeletal remains of an Early Iron Age chief were excavated in Anaikoddai, Jaffna. The name 'Ko Veta' is engraved in Brahmi script on a seal buried with the skeleton and is assigned by the excavators to the 3rd century BCE. Ko, meaning "King" in Tamil, is comparable to such names as Ko Atan, Ko Putivira and Ko Ra-pumaan occurring in contemporary Tamil Brahmi inscriptions of ancient South India and Egypt.[30][31]
Historic period [edit]


South Indian type Black and Red ware pot sherds found in Sri Lanka and dated to 1st to 2nd century CE. Displayed at the National Museum in Colombo, Sri Lanka.
Potsherds with early Tamil writing from the 2nd century BCE have been found from the north in Poonagari, Jaffna to the south in Tissamaharama. They bore several inscriptions, including a clan name—vela, a name related to velir from ancient Tamil country.[32] Epigraphic evidence shows people identifying themselves as Damelas or Damedas (the Prakrit word for Tamil people) in Anuradhapura, the capital city of Rajarata the middle kingdom, and other areas of Sri Lanka as early as the 2nd century BCE.[33] Excavations in the area of Tissamaharama in southern Sri Lanka have unearthed locally issued coins, produced between the 2nd century BCE and the 2nd century CE, some of which carry local Tamil personal names written in early Tamil characters,[34] which suggest that local Tamil merchants were present and actively involved in trade along the southern coast of Sri Lanka by the late classical period.[35] Other ancient inscriptions from the period reference a Tamil merchant,[36] the Tamil householder residing in Ilubharata[37] and a Tamil sailor named Karava.[38] Two of the five ancient inscriptions referring to the Damedas (Tamils) are in Periya Pullyakulam in the Vavuniya District, one is in Seruvavila district in Trincomalee District, one is in Kuduvil in Amparai District and one is in Anuradhapura. Mention is made in literary sources of Tamil rulers bringing horses to the island in water craft in the second century BCE, most likely arriving at Kudiramalai. Historical records establish that Tamil kingdoms in modern India were closely involved in the island's affairs from about the 2nd century BCE.[39][40] Kudiramalai, Kandarodai and Vallipuram served as great northern Tamil capitals and emporiums of trade with these kingdoms and the Romans from the 6th–2nd centuries BCE. The archaeological discoveries in these towns and the Manimekhalai, a historical poem, detail how Nāka-Tivu of Nāka-Nadu on the Jaffna Peninsula was a lucrative international market for pearl and counch trading for the Tamil fishermen.
In Mahavamsa, a historical poem, ethnic Tamil adventurers such as Elara invaded the island around 145 BCE.[41] Early Chola king Karikalan, son of Eelamcetcenni utilised superior Chola naval power to conquer Ceylon in the first century CE. Hindu Saivism, Tamil Buddhism, Jainism and secularism were popular amongst the Tamils at this time, as was the proliferation of village deity worship. The Amaravati school was influential in the region when the Telugu Satavahana dynasty established the Andhra empire and its 17th monarch Hāla (20–24 CE) married a princess from the island. Ancient Vanniars settled in the east of the island in the first few centuries of the common era to cultivate and maintain the area.[42][43] The Vanni region flourished.[44] In the 6th century CE, a special coastal route by boat was established from the Jaffna peninsula southwards to Saivite religious centres in Trincomalee (Koneswaram) and further south to Batticaloa (Thirukkovil), passed a few small Tamil trading settlements in Mullaitivu on the north coast.[45] The conquests and rule of the island by Pallava King Narasimhavarman I (630 – 668 CE) and his grandfather King Simhavishnu (537 – 590 CE) saw the erection and structural development of several Kovils around the island, particularly in the north-east – these Pallava Dravidian rock temples remained a popular and highly influential style of architecture in the region over the next few centuries.[46][47][48] Tamil soldiers from what is now South India were brought to Anuradhapura between the 7th and 11th centuries CE in such large numbers that local chiefs and kings trying to establish legitimacy came to rely on them.[49] By the 8th century CE Tamil villages were collectively known as Demel-kaballa (Tamil allotment), Demelat-valademin (Tamil villages), and Demel-gam-bim (Tamil villages and lands).[50]
Medieval period [edit]


Coylot Wanees Contrey (Coylot Vanni country), Malabar country in the northeast of the island on a 1681 CE map by Robert Knox as published in his book.[51]
In the 9th and 10th centuries CE, Pandya and Chola incursions into Sri Lanka culminated in the Chola annexation of the island, which lasted until the latter half of the 11th century CE.[49][52][53][54] Raja Raja Chola I renamed the northern throne Mummudi Chola Mandalam after his conquest of the northeast country to protect Tamil traders being looted, imprisoned and killed for years on the island.[55] Rajadhiraja Chola's conquest of the island led to the fall of four kings there, one of whom, Madavarajah, the king of Jaffna, was a usurper from the Rashtrakuta Dynasty.[56] These dynasties oversaw the development of several Kovils that administered services to communities of land assigned to the temples through royal grants. Their rule also saw the benefaction of other faiths. Recent excavations have led to the discovery of a limestone Kovil of Raja Raja Chola I's era on Delft island in North Jaffna, found with Chola coins from this period.[57] The decline of Chola power in Sri Lanka was followed by the restoration of the Polonnaruwa monarchy in the late 11th century CE.[58] In 1215, following Pandya invasions, the Tamil-dominant Arya Chakaravarthi dynasty established an independent Jaffna kingdom on the Jaffna peninsula and other parts of the north.[59] The Arya Chakaravarthi expansion into the south was halted by Alagakkonara,[60] a man descended from a family of merchants from Kanchipuram in Tamil Nadu. He was the chief minister of the Sinhalese king Parakramabahu V (1344–59 CE). Vira Alakeshwara, a descendant of Alagakkonara, later became king of the Sinhalese,[61] but he was overthrown by the Ming admiral Zheng He in 1409 CE. The next year, the Chinese admiral Zheng He erected a trilingual stone tablet in Galle in the south of the island, written in Chinese, Persian and Tamil that recorded offerings he made to Buddha, Allah and the God of Tamils Tenavarai Nayanar. The admiral invoked the blessings of Hindu deities at Temple of Perimpanayagam Tenavaram, Tevanthurai for a peaceful world built on trade.[62] The 1502 map Cantino represents three Tamil cities on the east coast of the island – Mullaitivu, Trincomalee and Pannoa, where the residents grow cinnamon and other spices, fish for pearls and seed pearls and worship idols, trading heavily with Kozhikode of Kerala.[63] The Arya Chakaravarthi dynasty ruled large parts of northeast Sri Lanka until the Portuguese conquest of the Jaffna Kingdom in 1619 CE. The coastal areas of the island were conquered by the Dutch and then became part of the British Empire in 1796 CE.
The Sinhalese Nampota dated in its present form to the 14th or 15th century CE suggests that the whole of the Tamil Kingdom, including parts of the modern Trincomalee district, was recognised as a Tamil region by the name Demala-pattanama (Tamil city).[64] In this work, a number of villages that are now situated in the Jaffna, Mullaitivu and Trincomalee districts are mentioned as places in Demala-pattanama.[65]
The English sailor Robert Knox described walking into the island's Tamil country in the publication An Historical Relation of the Island Ceylon, referencing some aspects of their royal, rural and economic life and annotating some kingdoms within it on a map in 1681 CE.[66] Upon arrival of European powers from the 17th century CE, the Tamils' separate nation was described in their areas of habitation in the northeast of the island.[67]
The caste structure of the majority Sinhalese has also accommodated Hindu immigrants from South India since the 13th century CE. This led to the emergence of three new Sinhalese caste groups: the Salagama, the Durava and the Karava.[68][69][70] The Hindu migration and assimilation continued until the 18th century CE.[68]
Society [edit]



The Koneswaram Hindu Temple in Trincomalee, mentioned in Saiva literature circa 700 CE by Thirugnana Sambanthar[88]
In the 16th century the area came under the nominal control of the Kandyan kingdom, but there was scattered leadership under Mukkuvar Vannimai chiefs in Batticaloa district.[89][90] who came with Magha's army in 1215.[91] From that time on, Eastern Tamil social development diverged from that of the Northern Tamils.
Eastern Tamils are an agrarian-based society. They follow a caste system similar to the South Indian or Dravidian kinship system. The Eastern Tamil caste hierarchy is dominated by the Mukkuvar. The main feature of their society is the kuti system.[92] Although the Tamil word kuti means a house or settlement, in eastern Sri Lanka it is related to matrimonial alliances. It refers to the exogamous matrilineal clans and is found amongst most caste groups.[93] Men or Women remain members of the kuti of their birth and be brother or sister by relation. No man can marry in the same kuti because woman is always become sister to him. But, a man can only marry in one of his sampantha kutis not in the sakothara kutis. By custom, children born in a family belong to mother's kuti. Kuti also collectively own places of worship such as Hindu temples.[93] Each caste contains a number of kutis, with varying names. Aside from castes with an internal kuti system, there are seventeen caste groups, called Ciraikutis, or imprisoned kutis, whose members were considered to be in captivity, confined to specific services such as washing, weaving, and toddy tapping. However, such restrictions no longer apply.
The Tamils of the Trincomalee district have different social customs from their southern neighbours due to the influence of the Jaffna kingdom to the north.[93] The indigenous Veddha people of the east coast also speak Tamil and have become assimilated into the Eastern Tamil caste structure.[94] Most Eastern Tamils follow customary laws called Mukkuva laws codified during the Dutch colonial period.[95]
Northern Tamils [edit]
Jaffna's history of being an independent kingdom lends legitimacy to the political claims of the Sri Lankan Tamils, and has provided a focus for their constitutional demands.[96] Northern Tamil society is generally categorised into two groups: those who are from the Jaffna peninsula in the north, and those who are residents of the Vanni District to the immediate south. The Jaffna society is separated by caste divisions, with social dominance attained by Vellalar by means of myths and legends. Historically, the Vellalar, who form approximately fifty percent of the population, were involved in agriculture, using the services of castes collectively known as Panchamar (Tamil for group of five). The Panchamar consisted of the Nalavar, Pallar, Parayar, Vannar, and Ambattar.[96] Others such as the Karaiyar (fishermen) existed outside the agriculture-based caste system.[97] The caste of temple priests known as Iyers were also held in high esteem.[97]

My question still stands. "Why didn't these so called 1000 year old Tamil country didn't stand up to invaders from Europe?"

Next time your green card holding srilankan dignitaries visit china you go with them and ask the chinese president ,"Why did not the chinese kingdom fight the British in Tibet?"

And this answer will throw light on many things.

you are comparing one to a 1 million.

SO in all of US there is only one green card holding srilankan , that too is your president's relative. Are you sure. What kind of argument is that? People migrate in thousands all over history to all places in search of lively hood. Why are you asking such foolish questions?

Have the Afro-Americans demanded separate country to themselves?



Name one Tamil king who fought.

The Portuguese captured the Tamil State in 1619. Neither the
Sinhalese king nor the Sinhalese people offered any assistance to the Tamil
king Sangili against the Portuguese as it was the view of the Sinhalese that
they had nothing in common with the state of Tamil Eelam. The Tamils want
the Sinhalese people to reiterate that now [N-4]. The Portuguese, Dutch (who
captured the Tamil state in 1658) and the British (who seized the Dutch
possessions in 1796) governed the conquered Tamil territory (from Chilaw to
Kumbukkan Oya) as a separate state till 1833. In that year, following the
Colebrooke-Cameron recommendations and in violation of history, tradition
and psychology, the British brought the separate states together under one
administration to suit their convenience [N-5]

No answers to my



Even US do not allow certain type of immigrants to enter into US. So you expect us to welcome 1 million illiterate Tamils?



Prove it historically. Any one can say anything they wish. Prove it.



US was mostly populated by Europeans. Do Europeans say US is part of Europe? What a joke is this?

http://www.infolanka.com/org/srilanka/issues/gamini.html


Tamils had a Sovereign State in the Island from pre-historic times. Even
after the advent of the Sinhalese [N-1], there were Tamil kings who ruled
the whole Island. Thereafter, for over a thousand years Tamil kings ruled
the whole island at times and Sinhalese kings ruled it at other times. Out
of this background of alternating fortunes, there emerged at the beginning
of the 13th century, a separate Tamil kingdom, the territory of which has
since been the exclusive homeland of Tamils [N-2]. The territory of this
Tamil State stretched from Chilaw in the north-west to the northern regions
and thence to the Kumbukkan Oya in the present Yala Sanctuary in the
south-east, to include the northern half of the modern Puttalam District,
the whole of the modern Northern Province and the whole of the modern
Eastern Province [N-3]- one third of the territory of Sri Lanka. The rest of
the island was "Sinhala land".

Thus there were 2 countries in the island
till 1948. The Portuguese captured the Tamil State in 1619. Neither the
Sinhalese king nor the Sinhalese people offered any assistance to the Tamil
king Sangili against the Portuguese as it was the view of the Sinhalese that
they had nothing in common with the state of Tamil Eelam. The Tamils want
the Sinhalese people to reiterate that now [N-4]. The Portuguese, Dutch (who
captured the Tamil state in 1658) and the British (who seized the Dutch
possessions in 1796) governed the conquered Tamil territory (from Chilaw to
Kumbukkan Oya) as a separate state till 1833. In that year, following the
Colebrooke-Cameron recommendations and in violation of history, tradition
and psychology, the British brought the separate states together under one
administration to suit their convenience [N-5]. This unification laid the
foundation for the "Ethnic" conflict of the present time6. In 1948, the
British granted independence to the Sinhalese state, and handed over the
Tamil state to the Sinhalese who naturally converted it into a colony of
theirs and exploited both Tamils and their country as imperialists would.
Thus politically the Tamils are entitled to recover their independence. The
old sovereignty of Tamil Eelam was revived in law as well in 1972, when the
Queen of the United Kingdom ceased to be the repository of sovereignty and a
Sinhalese Republican Government was forced on the Tamil people [N-7]. All
the grievances the Tamil people now have are incidents of Sinhalese colonial
rule since 1948. These grievances are as follows:



Within 6 months of the transfer of political power to the Sinhalese,
they enacted legislation depriving the Indian Tamils of citizenship and
the franchise [N-8].
* Lakhs and lakhs of Sinhalese people were planted in the homeland of the
Tamil nation once ruled by Tamil kings [N-9].
* In 1956, Sinhala was made the sole official language. The republican
constitution of 1972 gave the Sinhala only Act constitutional status.
The real intention of this SinhalaOnly Act was to keep Tamils out of
government services [N-10].
* Buddhism has been given pre-eminence in the constitution [N-11].
* The Tamils demanded balanced representation [N-12] before the British
withdrew but this was refused.
* S. J. V. Chelvanayakam toiled for 25 years through the Ilankai Tamil
Arasu Kadchi [N-13] to safeguard Tamil rights through federalism but
this was denied. He entered into agreements with the S.L.F.P. and the
U.N.P. to obtain regional autonomy but these were abrogated because of
Sinhalese opposition.

The only alternative is to see that "Sinhalese Imperialism .... Quit our
homeland," the independent state of Tamil Eelam stretching from Pottuvil to
Puttalam will be established by peaceful means or by armed struggle [N-14].

Go to google and type TAMIL KINGS who FOUGHT the SINHALESE KINGS and other EUROPEAN invaders and contact me if you could not find any.

It is the sinhalese who were the later migrant to srilanka. Tamils were before Sinhalese in Srilanka. That was What your Ambassador to India Mr. KARIAWASAM told to Indian dailies and summoned by indian foreign office to not to try split indian view point by saying that sinhalese are later indian migrants.

Got it?

 

[The Last Stand]

What are you nuts? Why always confuse SL with India.

I want a king from so called 1000 year old Jaffna kingdom

End of story.

Sorry for wasting your time. I thought you were asking of Indian kings who fought British.

 

[HeinzGud]

@HeinzGud
How many Sinhala kings stood upto the european invasions with all their 2500 years glorious history?

Search this on wiki

Have their cultural rights been denied till now?

Are you joking? Have we kept Tamils as slaves? Have we denied them rights? Even then they demand a separate country. In this regard those Negros are way better than Tamils.

 

[HeinzGud]

Go to google and type TAMIL KINGS who FOUGHT the SINHALESE KINGS and other EUROPEAN invaders and contact me if you could not find any.

Not a single name was found.

It is the sinhalese who were the later migrant to srilanka. Tamils were before Sinhalese in Srilanka. That was What your Ambassador to India Mr. KARIAWASAM told to Indian dailies and summoned by indian foreign office to not to try split indian view point by saying that sinhalese are later indian migrants.

Got it?

Oh now Ambassador Mr. KARIAWASAM is the person who knows about the Tamil and Sinhala history. Why not giving him a professorship in Indian university on Sri Lankan history?

 

[HeinzGud]

End of story.

Sorry for wasting your time. I thought you were asking of Indian kings who fought British.

Nah it's ok.... Why not help your TN brethren to find a Tamil king who fought against European invaders in Jaffna?

 

[HeinzGud]

Got it?

debunk this also.

1517-Treaty between King Dharma Parakrama Bahu and the Portuguese Lawrence d'Almeida, confirms the all area's incl Jaffnapatnam, as apart of the Kotte Kingdom;

'Rightful Lord of the World, fortunate descendent of the Kings of Anu-Raja-Pura, the greatest of all on earth, scion of the Gods in this Island of Ceylon, Rightful Lord of the empire of Cota and of the Realms of Jafanapatao and Candea, God of War in conquering Rebels who are more like women than men, Rightful heir of the Kings of Dambaden and of the greak peak of Adam; preserver of the law of Budduas, vanquisher of the Kings styled Ariavansa, for they are traitors; descendant of the son of the Sun with star on he head; true Master of all sciences, Legitimate descendant of Vigia-Bau, I., the Emperor Paracrame-Bau, in the hear of my Empire 40 years called Segara, am content and it pleases me mightily to give to the Kings of Portugal each year as tribute 400 bahars of Cimmamon, and 20 rings set with rubies that are found in this Island of Ceylao, and 10 tusked elephants on Condition that the present Governor and the Viceroys and Governors who shall succeed Lopo Soarez de Albergaria in the State of India, shall be obliged to favour me and assist me against mt enemies as the Vassal that I am of the Crown of Portugal.'

1580-Dharmapala's Donation Treaty to the King of Portugal;

The states over which the King of Kotte claimed suzerainty were the Kingdoms of Sitawaka, of the {Seven) Korales, of Candea or the hill-country, and of Jaffna, and also the principality of the Four Korales There also were various Vanniyarships, who were bound bo by tribute to the king of Kotte. These were the two Panamas; Yala; Wellewaya Kosgama; Wellassa; Palugama; Batticaloa; Kottiyar; Trincomalee: and Puttalam. This last and Yala were held by several Vanniyars, Palugama by two, the others by one each. In the kingdom of Kotte itself were three Disawas, one over Matara, one over the Adikariya of Denawaka with the Agras or gem-pits of Sabaragamuwa. and one over the Adikariya of Nuwarakalawiya, the country forming the western half of the present North Central Province and stretching according to our document from Puttalam to Mannar. Apart from this last Adikariya or jurisdiction, the immediate possessions of Kotte are given as 221 korales, which included the south-west corner of the North-Western Province, with a small exception the whole of the Western and Southern Provinces as far as the Walawe River, and that part of the Ratnapura District to the south of the Kalu-ganga with the great villages Gilimale and Bambarabotuwa. The small exception referred to is the half of Hewagam Korale, which belonged to Sitawaka.

1766-The Dutch-Sinhalese Treaty in 1766(Clauses 3, 5, 6 & 16) and the English-Sinhalese Treaty in 1815 (when total sovereignty was ceded to the British) easily illustrate that the East and the inland parts of Jaffna, were completely under Sinhalese sovereignty.

Clauses;

3. And of all the shores not then occupied by it, to wit on the West from Kaimelle (Maha Oya) to Jaffna district, and on the East from the border of that district to the Waluwe River, to a width of one Singhalese mile more or less, as may be most convenient from the position of hills and rivers;
5. The Coy to recognise the King as Sovereign of the rest of the island;
6. The Coy for love of peace to restore all the lands recently captured, except the shores;
16. Such timber to be delivered at Trincomale and Battikaloa as the Coy may need;

History of Jaffna

If their were independent Tamil nation on North and East why these 2 European nations forgot to mention them?

Why SL Tamils do not have a Brahmin cast in their cast system?

This facts indicate that Tamils were not independent nation in SL but mere immigrants during Dutch era to cultivate tobacco.

 

[ersakthivel]

Not a single name was found.



Oh now Ambassador Mr. KARIAWASAM is the person who knows about the Tamil and Sinhala history. Why not giving him a professorship in Indian university on Sri Lankan history?

Ambassador kariawasam was not a troll like you .

He and the whole world knows that sinhalese didnot jump on Srilanka from mars. They too must have been migrants from India.Citing those historical proofs he made that comment.

If you have any proof to the contrary show from where the sinhalese originated with proof.

Ethnic conflict in Sri Lanka - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Fall of Rajarata [edit]

In 1215 Kalinga Magha invaded Rajarata with a huge Pandyan army.[38] Magha was a minister to Pandyan empire. Magha ruled Pollonnaruwa for several years but later drawback to Vanni and Jaffna. During next 100 years many battle occurred to take the control of Rajarata between Sinhala Kingdoms and different invaders from South India.[39]

But Tamil power in Sri Lanka started to weaken after the last Pandyan ruler of Madurai was defeated and expelled in 1323 by army General Malik Kafur of Delhi Sultanate Muslim Empire.[40] Rajarata area was divided into 3 areas. Jaffna peninsula was controlled by Tamils, neutralized Vanni forest was ruled by Tamils and Sinhalese and new Rajarata was ruled by Sinhalese.[41]
Kingdoms from Dambadeniya to Kandy


Main article: Kandyan kingdom
Kingdom of Dambadeniya
Kingdom of Yapahuwa
Kingdom of Kurunegala
Kingdom of Gampola
Kingdom of Kotte
Kingdom of Sitawaka
Kingdom of Kandy


Kalinga Magha's invasion made Sinhalese to move toward south. Magha invaded Rajarata and Malaya-rata. During the rise of Kingdom of Dambadeniya under the king Vijayabahu III (1220- 1224 AC), Magha lost the control of south to Vanni forest. Parakramabahu II extended power to Vanni.[42] With the strong repulse, Polonnaruwa, the capital of Rajarata was again selected as administrative center. But endless Tamil invasions from South India lead to move the Sinhala kingdom towards South East.


In 1323 Sinhalese kingdoms started to dominate Island after Pandyan was defeated by Delhi Sultane.

SO till 1323 tamil kingdoms existed with full power as a separate nation in srilanka.

In 1450 Jaffna was annexed by the Kingdom of Kotte.[43] The death of king Parâkramabâhu VI lead to divide the Sinhala kingdom into three parts.[44] Kotte, Sitawaka, Kandy. Sinhala power was weaken in the Island.

This made a series of internal wars among 3 Sinhala kingdoms. Also Portuguese came to Sri Lanka in 1505.[45] Since the beginning, Kandy rulers made strong links with Jaffna kingdom and aided military support against Portuguese. But Kandy fell to Sitawaka ( See the The growth picture of the kingdom of Sitawaka, in Kingdom of Sitawaka).

Sitawaka dominated other kingdoms and annexed most part of them by the powerful king Rajasinghe I. Between 1591 and 1594 Vimaladharmasuriya I established a kingdom in Kandy after the death of Rajasinha I of Sitawaka King Wimaladharmasuriya.[46] Kandy dominated as most powerful kingdom in Sri Lanka after falling of Sitawaka.

In 1628 king Senerat of Kandy invaded Jaffna to terminate Portuguese administration in Jaffna. But after few years Kandy lost the control of the Jaffna.


The east area of the Island was ruled by Kandian rulers. The East was under Kandian power since the Sitawaka time. In 1626, the Portuguese expelled the Muslims from Kotte. The Muslims ran to Senerat who settled some four thousand of them in Batticaloa as farmers.[47] Also in 1659, English sailor Robert Knox was arrested by guards of Kingdom of Kandy when his ship was ashore near Trincomalee[8]
Jaffna Kingdom [edit]
Main article: Jaffna Kingdom
Jaffna Kingdom was established in 1323 when it was freed from Pandyan empire. Sinhalese were expelled from the Kingdom of Rajarata which ruled the North part of Sri Lanka and Tamil expanded colonies to the boundaries of Malaya rata. It was restricted to Jaffna peninsula after Tamils were withdrawn from Vanni in 1323[48] and before British started dry zone colonizations south to Paranthan (Paranthan, Kilinochchi, Iranamadu[49]) in 1936.

In 1450, king Parâkramabâhu VI's adopted son annexed Jaffna to Sinhala kingdom of Kotte.[43] That was the last battle between Sinhala and Tamil kingdoms. After the death of king Parâkramabâhu, Jaffna kingdom was reestablished.


Portuguese who came to the Island in 1505 tried to take the control of coastline areas in the Island for trading interests. With less help from South India, Jaffna kings tried to cooperate with Kandy rulers against Portuguese. Kandy rulers provide aids for battles in 1560.

Ports under Tamil power were provided to Kandyan rulers with out a restrictions. No more fight erupted between Sinhalese and Tamils and it was apparent that they had common alliance against power of Portuguese. But Kandy was fell to the Sitawaka in 1582. In 1591, André Furtado de Mendonça invaded isolate Jaffna, killed king Puvirasa Pandaram and installed his son Ethirimanna Cinkam as client king.

So PUVIRASA PANDARAN IS THE TAMIL KING WHO FOUGHT THE PORTUGES. Now you got the name.

Vimaladharmasuriya I established a kingdom in Kandy in 1594. Yet again Jaffna started to cooperate with kingdom of Kandy and Portuguese influence in Jaffna was neutralized. Marriages between two royal families started to occur. Princesses of Jaffna had been married to Senarat's stepsons, Kumarasingha and Vijayapala.[50] In 1619 Portuguese defeated the last rulers of Jaffna kingdom, Cankili II with a help from Portuguese Indian unit in Goa. Later in 1628 King Senerath invaded Jaffna with his two stepsons Vijayapala and Kumarasingha.King Senerath was able to limit Portuguese powers only to the Colombo fort

https://groups.google.com/forum/?fromgroups#!topic/soc.culture.india/cSatCpy_HMI

Jaffna The Ancient Tamil Land
The Jaffna kingdom existed for thousands of years and there were nineteen
Kings who
ruled the Kingdom. For more than two
hundred years the Jaffna Kingdom remained the single most powerful
Kingdom in Ceylon.
The Jaffna Kings maintained close
relationship with south Indian Kingdoms. This we can glean from Sinhala
historical books,
some Sinhala inscriptions and
through Sinhala library works.

The Jaffna Kingdom existed with Nallur as its capital from 1215 AD to
1619 AD. The
following are the names of the Tamil
Kings and their period of reign in Jaffna kingdom.

1.Kalingaman alias Kalinga Vijeyabahu (1215 to 1240).
2.Kulasegara Pararajesejaram (1240 to 1256)
3.Kulothungan (1256 to 1279)
4.Vikramnan (1279 to 1302)
5.Varothayan (1371 to 1380)
6.Marthanda Perumalan (1325 to 1348)
7.Kunapooshananm (1348 to 1371)
8.Virothayan (1371 to 1380)
9.Jeyaveeran (1380 to 1410)
10.Kunaveeran (1410 to 1446)
11.Kanagasooriyan (1446 to 1450)
12.Pararajaseekaran (1478 to 1519)
13.Sankili Segarajasekaran (1519 to 1561)
14.Pararasa Pandaram Pararasasekaran (1561 to 1565)
15.Kukunchi Nainar (1565 to 1570)
16.Periapillai Sekarasa Sekaran (1570 to 1582)
17.Puvirasa Pandaran II (1582 to 1591)
18.Eithirmana Singa Pararasasekaram (1591 to 1615)
19.Sankili Kumaran (1615 to 1619)
........................................................................

It starts by saying Jaffna kingdom existed for THOUSANDS of YEARS. and
then offers
us a list above which starts from 1215 to 1619.......404 years

If you look at the names they have been "Tamilised". Tamils never ruled
Jaffna. Jaffna was
ruled by "Aryachakravarthi's" who were of Gujarati decent ( they had been
dislodged as a
result of Islamic invasions of India)

Here is the list of rules as given by a earlier Tamil author....C
Rasanayagam in his Ancient
Jaffna.

Vijaya Kulankai (Kalinga Magha)
Kulasekara
Kulottunga
Vikrama
Varotaya
Martanda
Gunapushana
Virotaya
Jayavira
Gunavira
Kanagasuriya
Bhuvaneka Bahu (of Kotte)

The Author has taken the above names and Tamilised it by adding "N" at
the end. So
Jayavira ( a Sinhala sounding name) has been made into Jayaveeran.
Gunavira, another

The above link is maintained by one of your friends who is perhaps bent on denying tamil kingdom ever existed in Sri lanka.

I found it interesting , so that i posted it anyway.


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandara_Vannan

Kulasegaram Vairamuthu Pandaravanniyan was the last king of Vanni.He is known as Wanni Bandara among sinhalese Some of the history books say that he had a sister and two brothers but the truth is he only had 2 younger brothers called "Kaylaa vanniyan" and "Periya Meynaar". Kumarasinghe Mahavanniya's family of present day Nuwarawewa, a then Tamil place, was related by marriage to Pandara Vanniyan. Inter marriages helped uniting Northern Vanni chiefs with the Southern Vanni chiefs whose members were mostly Tamil speaking and followed certain South Indian social customs. Thus Pandara vanniyan had political power in the South Vanni too by being linked to the chief of the Nuwerawewa family who held the office of Maha Vanniya, the residential Governor and custodianship of the area.
The beginnings of the people of the Vanni (Vanniar) ruled over by Vannian chieftains has not been clearly established but settlements have been dated back 2000 years. . There is mention in the Konesar culvet and old vya song of sixty Vanniar coming from Madurai in South India accompanying the royal bride for the king at Anuradhapura in the first century BC . They were settled in Adangapattu while one became a Disawa in Kandy . The Vanni chieftains the most famous of them is Pandaravannian appeared to have paid some tributary to the more powerful rulers in the north or south as the power balance happened to be at that time, but had an independent spirit with a distinct naddar culture and dialect (language) of their own. The kingdom of Vanniars Vanni functioned as a buffer zone between the North and the South of Sri Lanka or Ceylon.Historically, the Vanni encompassed Mannar, Vavuniya, Trincomalee, Pollannaruwa, Batticaloa, Ampara and Puttalam hinterlands. The name Vanni is said to be derived from the Sanskrit and Tamil word for forest (vannam) or fire (vahni), but there is also some historical evidence in Culverts and old songs that the Vanniar could have originally come from the large Vanniar clan/caste from North Arcot in South India.
Conflict with the Colonial rule [edit]

With the capture of the Jaffna kingdom by the Portuguese in 1621, the Vanni was under their nominal control and 'Parangichetticulam' of the Vanni may have been the fort of the Portuguese.[1]
With the arrival of the Dutch colonials on the scene they were only able to exact yearly tribute of 42 elephants. About the year 1782 the continued conflicts came to an end when the Dutch once and for all defeated the Vanniyars. Every foreign power found the Vanniyars a formidable foe and this could be explained in the words of Lewi, It is characteristic of the spirit of this people that the Dutch met nowhere a more determined resistance than from one of the native princesses, the Vannichi Maria Sembatte, whom they were obliged to carry away as prisoner, and to detain in captivity in the fort of Colombo'.(MVD,p 17 & 18 ).[2]
Pandara Vanniyan or Wanni Bandara, fought against the Dutch and British colonial powers.The Vanniyars, commenced to live a wild and marauding life and carried on a predatory warfare against the Dutch in Mannar and Trincomalee and even penetrated to the Jaffna peninsula. The Dutch had to build forts along the river to keep them at bay. In alliance with the Kandy kingdom he started a revolt to expel them from his district.He attacked the government house in Mullaiteevu and drove out the garrison from Mullaithivu which was under the command of Captain Drieberg and seized the fort.[3] He captured their cannons and 'overran the whole of the northern districts (Vanni) and demonstrated the boldness to penetrate as far as Elephant pass into the Jaffna Peninsula ). From conventional warfare, he resorted to guerilla attacks and was finally defeated by Lt. von Drieberg when the British organized a three pronged attack from Jaffna, Mannar and Trincomalee around 1803. This was followed by 'burning of all his houses and his people were dispersed into the jungle, and eventually out of the Vanni. The power of the Vanni Chiefs was thus finally and effectually extinguished'. Interestingly, folklore has it that Lt. von Drieberg was originally with the Dutch forces where he felt humiliated by Pandara Vanniyan for having defeated him several times, including a personal combat, and had been permitted to withdraw . He had stayed
All these similarities had led to more recent comparison of the LTTE leader, Vellupillai Prabhakaran,to him by present day Tamil nationalists, Karunanidhi ex Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu in his book, Payum Puli Pandara Vanniyan, and Nedumaran. Pandara Vanniyan is valorized as an epic hero. He was declared a national hero by the prime minister and a statue of him was opened with much fanfare in Vavuniya at the main junction where the A-9 Highway between Jaffna and Kandy (& Colombo) meets the road to Mannar (and further down the road to Trincomalee).
The end [edit]

The victory of the Vanniyars was short lived. Three detachments from Jaffna, Mannar and Trincomalee were dispatched and the Vanniyars were defeated in the Mannar district. Although Pandara Vanniyan was active again his grandiose scheme to rule the Vanni faded away after 1811. The tomstone of Pandaara vanniyar defeat is still in Vanni.[4] Not only the Tamils, Sinhalese in the present day North Central and North Western provinces that were part of the kingdom of Vanniars consider Pandara Vannian as a god.They transfer merrit to great Vanni Bandara deiyo to watch over when they pass through jungles. The memorial day of Pandara Vannian falls on 25 August.

 

[Ray]

What ? Trolling? Logic? Albanian is a minority in SERBIA, but in the breakaway KOSOVO it turns out to be MAJORITY, not Serbs!

How does that apply to SL?

What the SL majority prioritizes is
1) keep its sovereign integrity with the help of the intl community (see below Kosovo case for where China stands)
2) development (see the above post >> Chinese firm signs satellite deal|Politics|chinadaily.com.cn

Who is deny where Sl priorities?

China can sleep with the brutal despots. Nothing new, so long it serves her purpose. Morality does not count.

Muagbwe given arms to kill his own people, Sudan and then playing both side in Libya!

 

[Ray]

Heinz,

Sri Lanka as per your own chronicles came into being as an entity because of a banished Prince from Midnapore, India!

Proper historical records begin with the arrival of Vijaya and his 700 followers. Vijaya was a Vangan (now Bengal, India) prince, the eldest son of King Sinhabahu ("Man with Lion arms") and his sister Queen Sinhasivali who had their capital at Singhapura (now Singur in West Bengal, India).
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Sri_Lanka

It indicates that we (you and I) are related!

Funny chap you are brother!

Or are you a Han?

A descendant of Zheng He (1371–1433), formerly romanized as Cheng Ho, (great-great-great-grandson of Sayyid Ajjal Shams al-Din Omar, a Persian),who was a Hui-Chinese court eunuch, whose expeditions were far and wide including Ceylon?

 

[t_co]

Heinz,

Sri Lanka as per your own chronicles came into being as an entity because of a banished Prince from Midnapore, India!

Proper historical records begin with the arrival of Vijaya and his 700 followers. Vijaya was a Vangan (now Bengal, India) prince, the eldest son of King Sinhabahu ("Man with Lion arms") and his sister Queen Sinhasivali who had their capital at Singhapura (now Singur in West Bengal, India).
History of Sri Lanka - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

It indicates that we (you and I) are related!

Funny chap you are brother!

Or are you a Han?

A descendant of Zheng He (1371–1433), formerly romanized as Cheng Ho, (great-great-great-grandson of Sayyid Ajjal Shams al-Din Omar, a Persian),who was a Hui-Chinese court eunuch, whose expeditions were far and wide including Ceylon?

How does that even matter to the current discussion?

As with all historical claims and justifications, unless India 'comes heavy' (with economic or military levers of force) Sri Lanka can just tell India to go ---- off.

 

[no smoking]

But China is a devil for sure:thumb::der:

Yes, to kids, anyone refuse to give him candy looks like devil.

 

[Ray]

How does that even matter to the current discussion?

As with all historical claims and justifications, unless India 'comes heavy' (with economic or military levers of force) Sri Lanka can just tell India to go ---- off.

If only that was so simple!

 

[ersakthivel]

How does that even matter to the current discussion?

As with all historical claims and justifications, unless India 'comes heavy' (with economic or military levers of force) Sri Lanka can just tell India to go ---- off.

See that's what chinese are doing, instigating smaller neighbors with a false promise that india won't come down heavy on the , so that you can needle it forever.
or if the push comes to shove we will take care of your interest,

believing that pakistanis embarked on their genocide in bangladesh hoping that their US friend and redoubtable chinese friend will take care of any reaction from india.Look what happened? they were soundly beaten. Despite Kissinger sucking up to the chinese communists to attack india across the Himalayan border and sending seventh fleet of US navy pakistanis had to eat crow.

because none of china's core interest is harmed by whatever happens in SOuth Asia. That is why you didn't attack us shitting in the pants at Soviet reprisals.

A famous adage was born then,"That the chinese will fight India till the last pakistani".After learning that bitter lesson the pakistani army napoleans and alexanders are keeping quiet for a long long time.

Now in the face of Indo-us strategic alliance dominating the entire indian ocean , you guys are busy instigating Srlankans on the famous garden path you led the Pakistanis.

I would ask our sri lankan friends to read the history of China's Vietnam war before going overboard with green card carrying president.

Sri lankans expecting a chinese counter to indian moves in srilanka should remember that no nation in the world is going to risk nuclear war with india for the sake of tiny sinhalese majority in Srilanka.

So china is using srilanka to further it's own ends. But india still sees srilanka as a neighbor that can remedy it's ways by following the path of just and equitable democracy with strong regional government and federating central government.

of course India can prescribe this policy to sri lanka because that is what working in India.Other than that india asks nothing from Sri Lankans .

Hope sri lanakans understand that budhist monk killing Chinese are their not their guardian angels.

That is why harping about what happened in 1965, when tamils refused to learn sinhala is reduntant.

The question is what kind of local government with what kind of just and equitable rights Sinhalese majority gives to the tamils in north and east their historical homeland

.Simply trying to brush everything under the carpet under war against terrorism won't be possible after the end of civil war with a self deceiving mirage of strategic ties with China .

 

[GromHellscream]

You can try it, let's see what happens.

 

[TrueSpirit]

Since last decade, irrespective of our economic & military growth, Indian govt. has been loosing leverage & clout over all neighboring countries including Nepal, Bangladesh, Maldives, Mauritius & others because GoI does not deliver.

China delivers. PRC, CPC, CMC & PLA are working in close sync to achieve their politico-strategic objectives throughout Asia-Africa & beyond. Lately, there has been some positive development with Burma. Hope the momentum continues. That's the only saving grace for our foreign policy.

That's the prime angle through which the latest agreements between these countries & China should be looked. Lip service alone does not makes for solid relationship between the state & people, let alone between nations.

Unless we put our own house in order (deliver basic governance in our people & safeguard our own territorial integrity), expect no one to acknowledge us, let alone respect us. When a 1.2 billion strong nation capitulates without a fight, in face of an attack over its sovereignty, nations can see through it. The message that goes out is : To HELL with Indian sensitivities/interests; India does not matter. They can't even save their own a**.

We are a wannabe superpower whose 85% defense needs are dependent on foreign imports & the rifles it manufactures failed to work for its allies. Whereas, Chinese & Western rifles worked, under those very circumstances. So, no matter, what excuses we resort to, everyone can see through it.

Come on, who are we kidding with our Sri Lanka & China-bashing, when our republic has meekly accepted Chinese over-lordship in contested regions without any sign of even token resistance in full public glare.

Lesson for India: Don't SHOW, people KNOW.

 

[amoy]

India, China and a port in Sri Lanka

Hambantota port, on the island's southern tip, is situated on a key shipping lane, which sees around 300 ships, mostly oil tankers, passing through every day.

When the modern deep water port formally opened for international shipping in June, the first consignment it moved was a 1,000 Hyundai cars from Chennai, India, outbound for Algeria. By 2015, the port is expected to handle a million cars annually.

Spread over 4,000 acres, Hambantota will eventually be able to berth and service 33 massive vessels simultaneously, making it the largest and busiest harbour in South Asia.

But it's not just state-of-the-art ports that China is building in Sri Lanka. Chinese firms and engineers are building roads, train lines, telecommunication links, dams, reservoirs, expressways, hospitals, world class stadiums, schools, hotels, power plants and airports across the island nation.

Over the next decade, Chinese firms have pledged to invest $50 billion in the Emerald Isle. Bilateral trade was estimated at $3.15 billion in 2011, a hike of almost 50 per cent since 2008. (Compare that with bilateral trade between India and Sri Lanka, pegged at $4.8 billion in 2011, and expected to double to $10 billion by 2015.)

In Colombo, Liang announced a grant of US $100 million for the Lankan Defence Ministry's welfare projects, $12 million to build a modern auditorium for the Military Academy at Diyatalawa, and $1.5 million to upgrade the Defense Services College in Colombo.

The People's Liberation Army trains Sri Lankan soldiers, and it was mainly Chinese –and Pakistani--military equipment which allowed Colombo to finally crush the LTTE and kill its dreaded commander Prabhakaran in May 2009.

According to Wikipedia, 'China has been a steady supplier of military equipment to Sri Lanka and has cooperated with Sri Lanka to modernize and expand the Sri Lanka Armed Forces. China exports ammunition, anti-tank guided missiles, rocket launchers and shoulder-fired surface-to-air missiles"¦.deep-penetration bombs and rockets, mortar ammunition, night vision devices, artillery armor mortars, security equipment, tanks, jets, naval vessels, radars, communication equipment to Sri Lanka"¦'

Beijing is Colombo's largest military supplier.

 

[amoy]

CHINA, A TRUE FRIEND INDEED Sri Lanka News | Sundayobserver.lk

As part of the proposed Colombo-Jaffna highway, the Chinese government will also assist develop a Colombo-Kandy-Kurunegala expressway, apart from the Southern Highway extension from Matara to Kataragama.

Moreover, China has also pledged support for a number of other projects, including the water supply schemes in Attanagalla, Minuwangoda and Kurunegala, an international conference hall in Kandy, an arts theatre in Anuradhapura and developing the Colombo and Ragama Hospitals.

It was indeed most gratifying to witness the warm welcome accorded to President Rajapaksa in China, a true friend of Sri Lanka. The bilateral ties between Sri Lanka and China have gone from strength to strength since President Rajapaksa took office in 2005.

With profound gratitude, we recall the magnanimous support of China and a few other friendly countries during Sri Lanka's relentless battle against terrorism.

It was China and a few others that steadfastly stood by Sri Lanka when powerful Western nations turned a Nelsonian eye to the LTTE's atrocities whereby Sri Lankans were at the receiving end.

When the West exhorted us to compromise the country's sovereignty and territorial integrity in the guise of peace, the dynamic support extended by friendly countries, including China, helped Sri Lanka eradicate terrorism and achieve an honourable peace.

Certain countries which pontificated to us on peace at any cost, are still trying to intimidate Sri Lanka and meddle in its internal matters. Those who now shed crocodile tears on the well-being of people in the North regrettably did not demonstrate their sincerity by making a tangible contribution to the Government's efforts to develop the areas devastated due to LTTE terrorism.

In contrast, China had set a shining example by not only strongly backing Sri Lanka in its lone battle against terrorism, but also making a praiseworthy contribution to develop the country. Unlike some Western countries, China did not vain-glorify what it had done to help eradicate terrorism. This was amply proved by its strong backing to Sri Lanka to crush LTTE terrorism and develop the areas destroyed by the LTTE.

The financial backing pledged by China to construct the Colombo-Jaffna Expressway is ample testimony of China's commitment to usher in a better future for those liberated in the North. This would be an added fillip to the thriving Northern economy and a tremendous boost to further develop the livelihood of the Tamils who had been liberated from the jaws of LTTE terror.

China's biggest financial institution that provides development loans to foreign countries - the China Development Bank (CDB), is a partner in many agreements signed between Sri Lanka and China last week. The construction of the new Colombo-Jaffna Expressway is one of the major projects.

Having eradicated the three-decade long terrorism scourge, the government is now going hammer and tongs to assure equal development throughout the country. While the average economic growth rate of the country is around eight percent, the growth rate in the Northern Province is over 22 percent. This alone is ample testimony of the Government's priority to restore infrastructure facilities destroyed by savage terrorists.

Certain Western countries, which for quaint reasons, turned a blind eye to these stark facts, are still trying to browbeat Sri Lanka by exploiting reconciliation as an effective tool. If these countries are sincerely keen on ushering in a better tomorrow for the Tamils in the North and the East, they should ungrudgingly help the Government's development in the two provinces.

Regrettably, they are singing hosannas for the LTTE cohorts. On the other hand, some Western politicians are only concerned about the votes of the adopted Tamils from Sri Lanka.

In this scenario, Chinese assistance is an eye-opener to the Western peace merchants who even approached the United Nations Human Rights Council (UNHRC) to intimidate Sri Lanka.

Two successive resolutions brought up at the UNHRC by the US would certainly not do any good to the Tamils in the North, who went through hell due to LTTE terror. Regrettably, none of these Western human rights godfathers uttered even a word of comfort when those hapless civilians were forcibly kept as a human shield by LTTE terrorists.

It was the Government alone and the Security Forces which liberated those Tamils from LTTE terror.

China's contribution to further develop the infrastructure facilities will be a god-send to the Northerners.

What baffles us all is that those who shout from the rooftops to crush global terrorism adopt a different yardstick when it comes to terrorism in this part of the world. It was a crying shame that India too had to fall in line with the US-led Resolution at the UNHRC sessions earlier this year. Being our closest neighbour, Sri Lanka has maintained close ties with India all along. Sri Lanka, quite naturally, expects a better understanding from India as terrorism had affected South Asia to a large extent.