Xinjiang's terrorists had been quite rampant way before Bush Jr. came to power as posted separately under "1990 Revolt". Now Pakistan leans more towards China, ready to fill the Afghan void once NATO pulls out.
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Xinjiang means "new frontier" in Mandarin.
Therefore, this area given that is accepted as 'new frontier' indicates that it was taken through imperialistic pursuit, and unfortunately for China, has still not reconciled to be made vassals.
Hence, you are right that Islamic unrest in Xinjiang is an ancient scourge for China.
Just a recap - roughly one-sixth of China's total land area, has today a population of only about 16.6 million. Of these, roughly seven million are native Muslim Uighurs, and Han Chinese comprise over six million. In 1950, roughly 15 per cent of Xinjiang's people were ethnic Chinese. Today their figure is 38 per cent, and the influx is expected to become a stampede when the planned east-west rail line to span the province is completed. While 40 years ago the population of Urumqi was only 20 per cent Han, now Han Chinese constitute 80 per cent of the capital's population.
Therefore, given the above, that there will be resentment amongst the Uighurs is but natural, more so when they are being made a minority in their own State.
However, while the resentment to the Chinese in Xinjiang maybe ancient, the recent activities can be recounted to see where the faultlines lie.
The beginnings of Xinjiang's Islamic militancy started in the mid-1980s when, possibly encouraged by China to offset Russia, a large Islamic militant force was sent for a jehad against the Soviet military intervention in Afghanistan. A signed article in a Pakistani monthly, The Herald, informs that among more than 25,000 Muslim militants, many were Uighurs, who were trained by Afghan and Pakistani fundamentalists during the Afghan war in the Eighties.
However, China closed its road links with Pakistan for several months, after an abortive Islamist uprising in the town of Baren in Xinjiang in 1992, in which 22 people were killed.
If you remember I had written, that China's Islamic fundamentalist problem is not within and instead without. Here is proof to that statement.
Ibrahim Rouzi, Director of Xinjiang's Religious Affairs Bureau, November 1992, ordered a government probe into the mushrooming of unauthorised mosques and Quranic schools in the region, which he said were
"often opened with funds received from abroad."
A book critical to Islam published by the Chinese, cause the Xinjiang riots of 1994,
The above mentioned article of December 1995, states that one of the Uighur youths, undergoing training in one of the madrassas (religious schools) in Pakistan, had vowed that after he returned to Khotan, his hometown in eastern Xinjiang, he would cleanse it of Communism. Interestingly, the person said, "My city is not Islamic. It is full of Communists who do not allow Muslims to study or pray. There is no school for Shariah," he said vehemently. "We want to make a new Islamic state for Uighurs and leave China," he added.
What is dangerous for China is that Islamic fundamentalists have made the big cities like Taksu, Kuqa, Khotan, Urumqi and others on the Karakoram Highway their strongholds.
It is said that The Jamaat-e-Islami, Pakistan, is one of several fundamentalist parties are helping financially the Islamists from Xinjiang. In December 1995, some 100 Uighurs, most of them under Jamaat sponsorship, were trained at the Islamic University in Islamabad, the Syed Maudoodi International Institute at the Jamaat headquarters in Lahore and other madrassas across Pakistan.
Pakistani Govt may lean towards China since it has no other country to lean toward and cannot get rid of its habit of leaning on other countries to find Dutch courage, but they are quite helpless against the fundamentalist who sprout like weeds in a lawn. And sadly, for China and others it is these weeds or radical fundamentalists who are the cause of all the woes.
It is not the Pakistan authorities who will attempt to fill the void in Afghanistan when ISAF withdraws. It is the Taliban who will rush in.
It will in no way help China and instead lay the foundation of a Greater Muslim Brotherhood encompassing Xinjiang and even rendering it separate from China.
Muslims were never known to be pacifists or lacking zeal for their religion unlike the Buddhists of Tibet.