Auberon let me correct the incorrectable:
Rudyard Kipling's Mandalay is a very fine poem but there is a puzzle in the poem's last line, "An' the dawn comes up like thunder outer China 'crost the Bay!" For our soldier to look across the Bay (obviously the Bay of Bengal) to see the dawn come up like thunder he must be in India. But take a look at the map. What is that land 'crost the Bay? It is certainly not China! Indo-China as a geographical rather than a political entity is that entire peninsular from the India to the Gulf of Tonkin, thus including Burma. So, did Kipling mean Indo-China? One can be pretty sure that this is what his soldier meant because that is where his girl lives. When the soldier speaks he drops his aitches and several other letters. The missing letters are replaced with apostrophes but they are not there merely to indicate grammatical correctness but rather to ensure that we hear the way the soldier speaks. Though the land 'crost the Bay may officially be called Indo-China and shown as such on maps would soldiers always refer it to so? Indo-China is a noun but one does not speak the hyphen and Indo, though part of the noun, actually sounds like an adjective. The common soldiers may well have dropped the apparent adjective Indo and in their colloquial manner spoke only of China, the seemingly more essential part. Did Kipling's soldier then simply abbreviate Indo-China to 'China? If so, does Kipling's original poem include an apostrophe?
In the song adaptation of Mandalay by Oley Speaks the first line has been changed from "By the old Moulmein Pagoda, lookin' lazy at the sea," to "By the old Moulmein Pagoda, lookin' eastward to the sea," but this change is geographically incorrect. It is impossible to look eastward to the sea from Moulmein. The sea is to the west