Interesting that you mention Bhabha. Why did you shy away from making the mention in its proper context?
You are so casual about our history that you probably never ever lined up the events in a chronology to see what the hell was happening. And you seem to have no open questions in your books. Don't these unresolved questions force you to look for answers? Or do you just tend to seek vote on queries - truth is what most people say it is and what is written in the books. At least my hint of August 15, 1975 fell flat on its face
and so did my attempt at hinting at LBS's death.
Anyhow. Look at it like this, probably it would help you.
Soviets wanted Indira to succeed. I won't deny that they may have funded her. She was after all convicted for having won her own seat by using "government civil servants and equipment during the campaign for the 1971". An election she & her party actually won by a landslide. Actually I suspect they may have and I personally don't mind it. I would actually have asked the Soviets to fund her considering she was the only real nationalist back then. Off course that funding would be bribing. But hell I am an Indian bribing is corruption for me only if the context is corrupt
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August 15, 1975 was the date of the reckoning for Bangladesh not for India. For India it was just a message. That message had a context. That context actually started in 59-60 period, with the geopolitical changes.
The Americans knew that Chinese wanted both the Tibet and the Nukes.
Chinese knew Indians ('Hindoos' actually) were thick in Tibet.
And that they could get the nukes in only 3 ways - Soviets, US, Self-effort. Soviets admit that they had supplied the parts for gaseous diffusion plant but they admit they did not help start it. US declassified documents admit that the Chinese did not have enough resources for tests. Still the Chinese went on to successfully test a series of nukes.
Till 62 the US needed Nehru to verify what was happening in Lop Nur (Trust But Verify). Around the time of their initial nuke tests the Chinese actually take up arms against the Soviets in a major standoff.
After 64 Nehru was a definite liability for them. Nehru too sensed that and died a bitter man. After all he was betrayed by the people who had installed him and even his imagined improvement in
LBS saw all this. LBS knew India had to do something for itself. Those days a crazy little party with a seemingly anachronistic saffron agenda just presented a 'silly' resolution in parliament, for India to go nuclear. This party was as odd as Kejri would be in any sane society, only in the reverse direction. The resolution fell through but despite that LBS went ahead and instructed Bhabha to start on the nuke project. LBS was in the thick of Defence 5 Year Plans too. "Jai Jawan and Jai Kisan" had this serious effort as its context. The defence budget had been increased post 62 but systems take time to spool up and the serious 5 year planning for defence preparedness started only in 1964. The Americans knew with the Soviet and Chinese experience that with these 5 year plannings the poorer countries could actually go about setting things right for themselves esp. in the matters of armament.
Both these guys (LBS & Bhabha) went ahead and tested the US system, by asking for some material help. They got some got refused a lot more - that is to say the Americans effectively said they were not interested and India was a munna who could not be relied upon with such things. There was a big debate started right after Chic-1 in the American establishment and as is ususally the case with debates, this debate too was already fixed. NPT was to be rolled out to halt Germany, Japan and India. Everybody knew Germany and Japan were pointed out only as a deflection. Real target was India. Because by now Chinese had both 'their' Tibet and 'their' Nukes and Americans had seen how crazy things could be made for Soviets. (Nixon when he was abusing Indira was merely 'feeling entitled'. Indira had robbed him of his comfort zone). Unfortunately LBS and Bhabha 'died' within a month of each other. Just before dying, LBS had inaugurated a Plutonium Reprocessing Plant at Trombay. That confirmed it LBS was now an out-casta. He must go and somebody needed to 'teach a lesson' to India.
That somebody was Ayub Khan. 1965 war happened. Pakis were supplied with weapons - with half the weapons supplied by US and half of the weapons supplied by China. US imagined that old western stuff in Indian hands was not good enough for the latest goldplated stuff they would be supplying to Pakis. China supplied the bulk. Ummah was turned against India - Saudis, Indonesia everybody. LBS killed off this attempt against India - by mere tack of enlarging the fight but not allowing others to enlarge the war. If you care enough you will find the name of the cook who gave LBS the jar of water before LBS retired for sleep. Ok let us just presume you are too lazy for that - the cook was an Uzbek Muslim who wanted to help the Islami takat of Pakistan. After LBS it did not matter what the Russians did with that cook. That cook was allowed to go free. India had lost at the negotiating table what India had won in a justified war. Russians had no interest in India at that time.
But the nuke establishment was well on its way to be the real guarantor of Indian security by now. Congress chose Indira as its leader. Somebody thought that was not a good idea and opposed Indira. Somebody else thought that was a good idea and supported Indira. Indira decided to do away with friendship/alignment with the west, that the west had already long discarded. So in came in Russian help but only marginally as was thought fit by the leadership of India at that time. The leadership of India of those times decided collectively to support Indira. Indira had seen the fate of her own father with whom she was close. She off course knew the fate of LBS. She knew the real history of India, between 47 & 67, like nobody else. Anybody claiming to be better informed is just lying. India after 64 was not needed by the west. They had China a much more vigorous chamcha. But nobody can deny the privileges that a pliant leadership in India brings for the interventionist. So the west was very much there. West had never gone away. 1947 was just a jhunjhuna for the masses. The west ruled India through the Bombay Plan. Bombay Plan was floated by industrialists who had benefited from the WW-2 war production. And you know that is how West propped up Nehru all through his years. But now Indira was a bothersome case for the Bombay Planners and their masters. She could not be relied upon. India effectively became a case of Indira vs. West. The poor economic situation had tied Indira's hands. But an angry woman is a force few people understand much less withstand. Indira could not be frightened. Quite to the contrary she upped the ante by successfully challenging the opposition within India. Actually Chinese and Pakis too had not gone away at any time. Pu Laldenga was visiting the East Pakistan like it was his sasural. Pakis were very successful in north east. India had to do the unthinkable of bombing its own people using its airforce. This was in 1966 after the Pakis had lost the war. The Naxal movement was started by the Chinese in 1967. This too was beaten back by Congressis of that time. This too was witnessed by Indira. She knew she had to rise to the challenge of Chi-Pakis in India's East and North-East too.
This Indira decided to do by supporting the Bengali language movement. In those parts the language is an integral part of culture unlike in north India where people have moved from Sanskritized Hindi to Urudufied Filmy Hindi to English in a short span of 3 generations. She understood the culture of India like nobody. Coincidently the Pakis had not taken their lessons of 65 seriously. They thought they could just get away with support from the West and Chinese. They too upped the ante by starting a very Secular Genocide. Secular because initially they killed both HIndus and Muslims, basically whoever stood for Bengali asmita. Then they got into the ghazi act when they could not control Mujeeb. They began focusing on Hindus. Refugees started pouring in. Pakis had lost it. Indira again decided to meet the challenge and we all know how she did it. After her win in the battlefield she again threw the peace gauntlet. Pakis again refused. Thank god for these Pakis. They have enabled the Hindus of India to consolidate like never before.
West was still there. The opposition had united by 1971 and it was Garibi Hatao vs. Indira Hatao. Much like it is today with Modi Vikaas vs. Anti-Modi.
However the western investment in the 1965 war was beginning to pay off too. Famines, non-cooperation by Industrialists and the Oil Crisis of 73 had caused major problems for Indira. By 1973 the very country that had given Indira a landslide victory in 1971 had major dharnas against her. Gujarat which was intimately linked with the Bombay State faced student's movement in 1974 and Congress leadership there had to resign and President's Rule had to be imposed. Indira knew the West had made its move. She went for the nuke test. She knew after this neither the West nor the Chinese nor the Pakis, would ever try to go against India even if the West were to succeed against her personally. So she was now not bound by the fate of India. She could look after her own political interests just like everybody else around the world.
Coincidently one Morarjee Desai was ousted by Indira in 69 from Finance ministry. Morarjee was also the Chief Minister of Bombay State at one point. This guy was not a bitter opposition to Indira. He was an insider too and supported by the west. The just after the student's movement in Gujarat a Magsaysay Awardee
started a movement for Sampoorn Kranti (sounds like Sampoorn Vyavastha Parivartan of Anna Hazare). Anyhow this Magsaysay Awardee for Public Service (a Gandhian) gave rise to the Kejriwals of that time. And Morarjee of became the business end in Delhi-ki-gaddi, for all these Kejris. Much later this Morarjee was accused of being a CIA agent by an author and that author was challenged in a US Court. The court upheld the author's views and heirs of this Morarjee thought it fit not to appeal
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Ok now, this calls for emergency since there is now a foreign hand involved
. That odd party of 64 too had matured was hungry for electoral success. They too were in the thick of action but not as seriously since they had no real masters. They also wanted to get closer to the moneybags too since the moneybags had lost their patrons in Congress. These maskharas got some sound beating too. But these guys were practical people, they just took some beating and came back with more seats and all of these guys enjoyed the party in true Filmy style.
This Anna oops Magsaysay Awardee led movement ground to a halt in infighting. West did not care. Their interest was in helping the Chinese. Indians of the JP andolan, were used condom for them.
Anyhow the larger context was still India and India again returned Indira to power, again by thumping majority. So the Bombay Club was again fatherless. You cannot fool all the people all the time. Indira knew she had to make up with the Bombay club too. After all they were Indian and under too much undue pressure and were leaderless (aka maleable/negotiable). She tried to correct the past policies in 1978 about the time one Deng Xiaoping was also doing it for China. But there is one major difference between the position of Indira of 1978 and Deng Xiaoping of 1978. Deng had the western money with him. While the western money was ranged against Indira. Coincidently Deng Xiaoping had a major role in setting up the Pro-Western stance in China and was also involved intimately in the Lop Nur Tests. Deng was also the only factor in similarly invading and needling the Vietnam as the chinese prior to him had done to India. Vietnam too stood the test of time just like India. My respect for them arises from this similarity.
Russians who had supported Indira all through were also trying to make amends by trying some form of private ownership. So Indira had support of the Russians too in trying a policy change. Indira was not successful for much the same reasons as were faced by the Russians. Both countries were in weaker political positions and only had rudimentary entrepreneurial capabilities and were facing the might of the West. Russians were facing the west all over the world. India was facing the West in the form of Pakistan and China.
Hope that last para helps some here, in clearing up the cobwebs in their mind about Russians holding us back from our economic progress. Russians do not have any economic relevance to India. They were interested in the strategic relevance of India.