There is many a slip betwixt cup and lip — Ishtiaq Ahmed
To the great credit of the founders of modern India, they did not base its legal and constitutional systems on the Manusmriti. Therefore their democratic experiment truly fascinates me. The caste system is crumbling under the combined impact of industrialisation, urbanisation and democratisation. If the experiment proceeds successfully it will represent the biggest social revolution in South Asia in the last 3,000 years
Last week, I made a general projection that if the Indian and Pakistani political establishments and power elites continue with friendly overtures and confidence building measures then the hostility between our two states can come to an end in the years ahead and they can start functioning as normal, good neighbours with a mutual stake in each other's well-being and welfare.
But isn't all this just a chimera? Wouldn't we soon be witnessing the opposite when another round of zero-sum games over the Siachen glacier and water sharing and Kashmir follows? What is particularly promising about the present situation? After all the two ruling classes have played footsie in the past. Just when the liaison was about to be made public they got cold feet and started accusing each other of being a fickle paramour instead.
I am tempted to suggest that the Americans will exercise their influence on both sides so that they fall into line with the overall geopolitical interests of the only omnipresent superpower in the world. However, such an argument should not be taken too far because I believe both sides can evade compliance with US strategic thinking and planning under one pretext or another. Ultimately the will to build peace must come from within the two establishments.
I saw recently on an Indian channel, Zee TV, that the price of land and real estate on the Indian side at the Attari border has soared. Some years ago Pakistani brigadiers and generals were said to have bought land on the Wagah side. The result has been a dramatic increase in prices on Pakistani side too. The rumour is that this represents an effort to keep the peace dividend literally in the pockets of those who previously drew capital out of war.
So, I suppose we who have always believed that peace is good and will benefit even the ordinary people have a reason to be upbeat despite being aware of the hurdles along the way. These will have to be crossed before the peace of the ruling classes becomes a positive gain for the ordinary people.
Having said this, I must admit that there is no doubt in my mind that apart from the ruling classes and their interests there are ideological forces on both sides which would do everything to keep the two countries at loggerheads. Let me share with you some of my experiences of such people.
Every week, without fail, I receive emails from fictitious Hindus called Bisvas and Yadav (and some other similar names) — surnames of ordinary Hindu castes who really would have little or nothing against Muslims and Islam — reminding me that my ancestors betrayed Hinduism when they converted to Islam; that we are quislings of foreign invaders.
Mr Reginald Massey who is familiar with the way the Hindu Right operates is of the opinion that it is probably some Muslim-hating upper caste individual feigning an ordinary identity to indicate that all sections of Hindus hate Muslims. The bottom line is that the idea of India-Pakistan peace is a non-starter because there can be no peace between rational Hindus and emotional Muslims!
I also receive nasty emails from self-righteous Muslim fundamentalists who call me a Hindu lover and/or an Indian agent. They remind me that Islam came to India to wipe out idolatry and my ancestors must have converted to Islam because it was the better religion and social order.
When it comes to explaining why my ancestors might have converted to Islam, I think the latter explanation is more convincing. Even a cursory look into the Manusmriti (which the Hindu apologists would like us to believe was never applied all over India) tells me that I am better off as a Muslim than if I were as a Hindu because Jats, Arains, Gujjars and other agriculturists enjoy a better status under Islam and Sikhism than under orthodox Brahminism.
Additionally, the Arain group, to which I belong, claims Arab extraction. The strongest argument in favour of this claim is that Arains are always Muslims and almost entirely Sunnis as were the early Arabs who came with Muhammad bin Qasim. On the other hand, agricultural castes of Jats, Gujjars and Rajputs are divided into Muslims, Hindus and Sikhs. It is worth mentioning however that some early Arain accounts claim a Surajbansi Rajput origin and some trace their origin to Persia. The Arab-origin claim can be simply a re-orientation towards a (perceived) greater status as conquerors and "original" Muslims. Unfortunately, Arabs view all Pakistanis as dirt — our real and imaginary claims of kinship with them notwithstanding.
Personally I believe that like the other farming castes of the Punjab and Haryana the Arains are a mix of many ethnies and races. Most are small- and middle-level farmers although there are also some real big landlords around Lahore, Faisalabad and Sahiwal. I can hardly imagine them wanting a return to the Hindu caste order.
To the great credit of the founders of modern India, they did not base its legal and constitutional systems on the Manusmriti. Therefore their democratic experiment truly fascinates me. Professor Satish Saberwal and Professor Dipankar Gupta, good friends of mine, tell me that the caste system is crumbling under the combined impact of industrialisation, urbanisation and democratisation.
If the experiment proceeds successfully it will represent the biggest social revolution in South Asia in the last 3,000 years.
Will the Hindu Right not put up great resistance to it just as it does to friendship with Pakistan? I think it will with all the brute force at its disposal. Currently, the Muslim Right deploys violence to oppose a modern, pluralist democracy in Pakistan. Fortunately the narrow, intolerant and morbid worldviews of both the Hindu Right and the Muslim Right do not represent the vast majority of people on both sides.
Most emails that I receive from India and Pakistan — from Hindus, Muslims, Sikhs, Christians and others — are of the positive type and include all castes (most prominently modern-educated Brahmins) and biradaris. Therefore the hope is that a new South Asia — democratic, pluralist and egalitarian — will materialise. But many subversive plots will be hatched against it before that happens. We should be ready to thwart them.
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