JBH22
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BM-21 rocket calibre is 122mm if i'm not mistaken. With regards to the Soviet afghan war, the Russians mostly used the larger BM-27 Uragan 220mm MBRL in mountainous region. For fortified positions, they relied onMahashay , mbrl are notoriously ineffective in mountain warfare .
2 cases .
1) soviet afgan war : here same bm 21 grad was used by soviet to destroy mujahedin , result was abysmal.
Reason is mbrl is a area weapon, it targets a general area but it is not accurate .
"In same panjsher, soviet army spent divisions yet the might of ussr could not overpower it "
The mujahdin would hide in tunnels or caves rendering it aka mbrl highly ineffective.
Only options were either use of 122 mm artillery guns or mi 8 or mi 25 gunships which could pin point enemy positions
2) kargil war : here indian army faced what soviet army faced in afgan although on a smaller scale .
Here too mbrl were ineffective e hence bofors or 130 mm artillery and mi 8 gunships were only options.
Here too mbrl would do minimal damage, it would scatter over a large area on the targeted mountains .
Plus like mujahedin in afgan , pakis too shot down some mi 8s using anza missiles.
2S4 Tyulpan heavy mortars and TOS systems to flush out the insurgents. Infantry used the Shmel flame thrower, note we also used same in kashmir to roast these pigs alive.
BM-21 was mostly used by afghan forces.
With regards to kargil as you said ineffectiveness of 122mm round was noted. Hence, the acquisition of BM-30 smerch by the forces. if you refer to below thread you can get some idea what we discussed years ago
https://defenceforumindia.com/threads/indian-army-tactical-blunders-during-kargil-war.53543/