Main Battle Tanks and Armour Technology

If Tanks have to evolve, which path they should follow?

  • Light Vehicles-Best for mobility

    Votes: 25 7.3%
  • Heavy Armour-Can take heavy punishment.

    Votes: 57 16.7%
  • Modular Design-Allowing dynamic adaptions.

    Votes: 198 58.1%
  • Universal Platform-Best for logistics.

    Votes: 61 17.9%

  • Total voters
    341

Austin

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And still, these are fired in most possible position of enemy vehicles, these vehicles can escape or take different route, thus avoiding in some extent such threat.
<br><br>Obviously such systems are more effective and cost wise more useful to use if there is heavy armoured concentration spread over wider area like hundreds of tank , these sensor fused ammo are very expensive.<br><br>But if you are dealing with small number of tanks in couple of 10s or just less than hundred , you can just use the MRLS to saturate the area or use it to lay mines spread randomly over wider area.<br><br>Now if only you have a chopper with ATGM then you can pick and choose your target.<br><br>The point any way i was trying to make is we would rarely see a classic tank to tank battle in the future , even if we do there would be lot of threat a tank will have to go through before it merges or confronts another tank.<br>
<br>
 

Kunal Biswas

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And still, these are fired in most possible position of enemy vehicles, these vehicles can escape or take different route, thus avoiding in some extent such threat.
You cannot predict these rounds in air or not, As the gun themselves are situated 20-30km away, Mortars are too silent, and range upto 10kms..

Their is no time to take such action these Rounds are fired to attack multiple vehicle in column or group..

Such ammo search for targets from 175m , scanning of 200m or more, Their is high probability the vehicles will be knock out, Fired in a group salvos, Multiple rounds can cover upto 2 foot ball fields..


 
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p2prada

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The future is air land and air sea battle. Control the air you control both land and sea.
 

Damian

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Guys, guys, wait a moment, only because we don't see solutions increasing vehicles survivability against mentioned threats, it doesen't meant that such solutions aren't available these days.

1st Increase vehicles top protection by use of composite armor or ERA. Such protection is enough to stop EFP charge from artillery ammunition like BONUS., the problem might start with tandem HEAT warhead ATGM's that are attacking vehicle top armor.

2nd Camouflage, besides widely known multispectral camouflage nets like Barracuda, there are also IR masking camouflage paints, made for example by Intermat company, sucesfully testd on Leopard 2A6 and M1A2 tanks.

3rd Active Protection Systems, best solution would be APS working both in Soft and Hard Kill way. AFAIK US Quick Kill APS was designed in a way so it would be Soft and Hard Kill APS, also due to some of it's features like VLS launchers and guided countermessure missiles, maybe it would be possible that it would be very effective APS to defeat top attack missiles attacking from very high trajectory like Javelin or Spike and EFP warheads from artillery ammunition like BONUS.

And as p2p pointed out, it is important to remember that weapon systems are not acting alone, but as a system, together.
 

methos

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This thread is genious, it is just worth registering to this forum only to participate here.


Composite armor without heavy metal alloy elements is not effective against modern APFSDS.
Would be nice if it would be so easy. But it is not. The only thing heavy metals have in common is their comparably high density. Pure uranium (and also pure DU) is a rather soft (~190 HB), melts easily (1130° c and can therefore easily be melted in the right forms) and has a yield tensile strength of ~740 MPa (but a pretty higher UTS at 1150 MPa). Tungsten has a hardness of ~290-300 HB (so it is comparable to RHA), melts at 3500° c (therefore it has to be sintered) and a yield tensile strength of ~750 MPa (but with 980 MPa a lower UTS than uranium). Steel armour has a hardness between 200 HB (rather soft cast steel) to a maximum of 550 HB for the very high-end of high-hardness steel armour plating (which can be produced in only in thin layers). Against KE DU (even as alloy with a ~10% portion of other materials like titanium or vanadium) will very likely not exceed the protection characteristics of tungsten or RHA. Tungsten will still be inferior vs KE than SHS or HHS, even as advanced alloy. In a presentation of the book "Military Metalurgy" the author says that a high-density metal (i.e. DU) will "also help vs KE", while glass (á la sandrods) will only protect vs CE.
The main advantage of heavy metals in armour is their high density. At the same thickness, DU or W will offer ~3 times as much protection as RHA against shaped charges (CE). But density doesn't affect the protection vs KE or only to a very small amount, small enough that Titanium and RHA are to be considered equivalent per thickness.

Such ammo search for targets from 175m , scanning of 200m or more, Their is high probability the vehicles will be knock out, Fired in a group salvos, Multiple rounds can cover upto 2 foot ball fields..
Thanks to their EFP warhead they will penetrate less than 200 mm RHA (SMArt and BONUS are both penetrating ~100-120 mm RHA), so fit your roof (~70 mm on Leopard 2, ~2-3 inches on M1 Abrams) with a spaced add-on layer of ~15 mm thickness and fill the space partial with glass-reinforced plastic (like 7 cm empty space and 5 cm will be filled with GRP) and your tank's crew will survive BONUS/SMArt and similar weapons. But mobility kills still remain probable.

What are not so classified known penetration figures of US and German APFSDS ?
If you believe German media (TV documentation and Bundeswehr corporate image stuff) DM53 will take out ~80 cm at 2 km, but most people tend to believe that this is too much, although some people originally (prior first images of the penetrator became available) believed that it will penetrate 1 m of RHA, the Russian wikipedia therefore includes the claim "1000 mm" at 3000 m ;) People on the TankNet believe that DM53 will penetrate ~72 cm at 2 km.

German DM-33A1 for 2000m have 470mm RHA, for 1000m should have about 530-550mm RHA.
500 mm remains the most claimed value. But DASA estimates for T-72M1(?) were above 50 cm RHAe. The reason for this... unknown. My personal theory is that 120 mm DM33(A1) fails to penetrate targets at smaller angles of impact (at least Rheinmetall wrote on their webpage that DM43 and DM53 will still perform good at very step angles, while that wasn't written on the DM33 product page).

In fact there was a two nacked Leo-2A6 turrets without mask. Each was fired 16 times -so this two turrets takes 32 hits*.
Amunition wasn't DM53 and DM63 but propably Israeli M332 (CL3143)(I am still trying to confirm this information about M332).
-this ammo was bought by Itally(?) and Spain (for Leo2) M332 have 650mm RHA penetration for 2000m, only two rods perforated the Leo2 armour.
It's a great result.

*Here is the inaccuracy - sometimes meet at a value 18 shots, propably this is only APFSDS? and rest was HEAT warhead? Even if - 2 perforation for 18 shots is still greate resultat, and indeed - this two perforation was under EMES-15.
Interesting, but do you really mean M332 and not M338? 650 mm RHA at 2 km are quite good, but please consider the following:

120 mm DM43 is often claimed to penetrate ~600 mm RHA, while being longer (having therefore a better L/D-ratio) and a higher muzzle velocity than M322. Both rounds are made of WHA. Could it be that you/your source used mistakenly the image of a M338 projectile, which is also in the background of the M322 brochure?

Do you know what gun was used to fire the M322? The Rh 120 L/55 of the Leopard 2A6HEL or the L/44 of their Leopard 2A4s (I consider it as unlikely that they took one of the Isreali L/48)? Are you sure that the turrets were naked?
Btw, the way I understood this story on TankNet, only one of the two penetrating rounds reached the crew compartment...
 

Damian

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@Methos

Would be nice if it would be so easy. But it is not. The only thing heavy metals have in common is their comparably high density. Pure uranium (and also pure DU) is a rather soft (~190 HB), melts easily (1130° c and can therefore easily be melted in the right forms) and has a yield tensile strength of ~740 MPa (but a pretty higher UTS at 1150 MPa). Tungsten has a hardness of ~290-300 HB (so it is comparable to RHA), melts at 3500° c (therefore it has to be sintered) and a yield tensile strength of ~750 MPa (but with 980 MPa a lower UTS than uranium). Steel armour has a hardness between 200 HB (rather soft cast steel) to a maximum of 550 HB for the very high-end of high-hardness steel armour plating (which can be produced in only in thin layers). Against KE DU (even as alloy with a ~10% portion of other materials like titanium or vanadium) will very likely not exceed the protection characteristics of tungsten or RHA. Tungsten will still be inferior vs KE than SHS or HHS, even as advanced alloy. In a presentation of the book "Military Metalurgy" the author says that a high-density metal (i.e. DU) will "also help vs KE", while glass (á la sandrods) will only protect vs CE.
The main advantage of heavy metals in armour is their high density. At the same thickness, DU or W will offer ~3 times as much protection as RHA against shaped charges (CE). But density doesn't affect the protection vs KE or only to a very small amount, small enough that Titanium and RHA are to be considered equivalent per thickness.
We should consider that heavy metal alloys used in armors and APFSDS penetrators (at least these modern ones) are very different than these widely known to public. Also they do not act alone but as a whole with other materials. They are only one of many elements of protection... but still we should threat them as important element.

Also all these arguments are based on situation where armor or it's materials are fully passive as I assume, while the currently known dynamic nature of composite armors, can change effects in significant way.

@Andrei_bt

Another rumors and fake, any proof?
Yeah right, KMW bad, Rhinemetall bad, GDLS bad, UVZ bad, only KMDB is allways talking truth and rest are evil capitalists and liars! :pound:
 
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Andrei_bt

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Al Khalid is shitty. Like other Chineese copy tank. Of course Ukrainian engine is very good, arment and FCS - too, even hull is not so bad. But turret - chineese style, with chineese "we don't care about crew" idea:
I read this and don't understand is it a joke?
 

Damian

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It's because of Militarysta weak english and his somewhat chaotic style of writing.

To describe it in a more plausible way.

CHinese tried to design turret in very similiar way as it was done in Soviet Union. However IMHO it was not very succesfull. Because turret is welded and have such geometry as it have, there is part of weak side armor exposed and not covered by front armor.



As we can see, the rear part of side armor is hidden behind front armor. However there is part that is exposed.

Besides this, the way how front armor modules are mounted, permitt us to assume, that there is actually less composite armor than armor module thickness can suggest.



It's not perfect but gives good idea how it looks in reality.

Looking at ZTZ-96 turret:



We can see that mounting bolts are going through the whole module to the bottom where mounting points are placed.

So it is preatty safe to assume that there is an air gap and there is less composite array than armor module thickness can suggest.

Also it seems that Chinese also considered it as a weak point in design, we can see that newest ZTZ-99A2 do not have front turret modular armor.
 
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Damian

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I also want to make point that Chinese tanks lack of heavy layered ballistic skirts or dynamic protection on non ballistic skirts attached to hull sides. This makes vehicle more vurnable to hits in hull side, and we need to remember that automatic loading system and overall hull storage is based on T-72 design. We all seen photos of effects of such ammo storage design. Autoloader itself is not problem here, but the ammunition stored outside autoloader of course.
 

Kunal Biswas

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CHinese tried to design turret in very similiar way as it was done in Soviet Union. However IMHO it was not very succesfull. Because turret is welded and have such geometry as it have, there is part of weak side armor exposed and not covered by front armor.



 

methos

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Another rumors and fake, any proof?
If you want to imply that the mentioned sources doesn't exist, then you are wrong. If you want a proof that the claims by that sources use no faked values (as ironically can be seen on your website), I can't give you such a thing. But remember that the 120 mm DM53 has nearly the exact shape of the M829A2, which is claimed by most sources to penetrate 700 mm RHA (even more in most cases including an image posted by you in the TN). Overall the M829A2 seems to be ~20 mm longer and ~2-3 mm thicker. As Rheinmetall has patented processes of creating a penetrator which even covers the whole frustrum the penetrator length of the 120 mm DM53 should be equivalent or even slightly superior to that of the M829A2, whereas the muzzle velocity of the 120 mm DM53 is only 10 m/s worse (and actually the vdrop of the M829A2 should be slightly higher) - so penetration should be roughly the same (the only really unknown factor
remaining is the performance of WSM IV compared to the claimed DU-V alloy of the M829A2).
Based on the claims of Rheinmetall and various authors that the L/55 gun will increase muzzle energy by 15% when firing the 120 mm DM53 with the longer L/55 barrel, we can simply multiply the penetration value by 1.15 (as the relation between energy and penetration should be rougly linear) - which will turn out to 805 mm RHA @ 2 km for a penetration of 700 mm RHA with the L/44 (not to mention that most sources, including the image you posted on TN put the M829A2 at a little above 700 mm RHA).
 

Damian

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@Kunal Biswas

Of course You are right, but it seems that in some sub variants of ZTZ-99 series, turret roof was redesigned so it is more flat and exposed, at least it is how it looks on these drawings.



Here it shows angles in which IMHO, armor can not effectively protect against modern AT weapons.

To compare, as we can see, both turrets of Russian, Ukrainian and Western MBT's, offer rather better protection in such situation.


http://imageshack.us/photo/my-images/847/m1a1ha3.png/

Of course drawings are not perfect, there are definetly errors, still it gives idea about my point.

Also it is worth to point out, that all in all, despite disadvantage of weight and obvious fact that it will not offer the same level of protection with all hit angles, western approach seems to offer better protection for side turret with much greater variety of angles.

And by protection I do not mean that armor will not be perforated, if hit angle is closer to 90 degrees probability of perforation increase, however due to the fact that there is composite armor, effects of perforation will be minimized thus increasing crew survivability... obviously it will not mean 100% survivability for crew.
 
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Andrei_bt

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Andrei_bt

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@Methos


Yeah right, KMW bad, Rhinemetall bad, GDLS bad, UVZ bad, only KMDB is allways talking truth and rest are evil capitalists and liars! :pound:
any proof of your statements? Looks like your polish forum mates and you are able only to paint different lines on my pictures?
I may admit, mostly they are not drawings to make such estimations, so it looks for me in same questions very funny.
 

Andrei_bt

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@Andrei,
If you think its not as bad as Other says, Can you give some light in it why ?..
I made a short note about Chinese turret design which was the "inspiration" for this biasad statements.
I see people without understanding of the question - since then the Chienise introduced TWO variants of their new turret - they are ready to learn on thair mistakes.

Russian, Ukrainian and Western MBT's, offer rather better protection in such situation.
Chinese turret design has both emphasis of western and soviet design.
Russian T-90A turret - it is a complete disaster - "shot trap", weakened zone on all over the turret, as ERA is implemented in a most atrocious way.
T-90S ordered by India is slightly better - ERA is installed more properly.
Western MBT - they differ, but mostly not better then Chinese.

It is long to describe every point, like the probability of ancient Russian (Soviet) ERA on T-90 to be activated by CE, KE devices.
The question is such strange and not considered statements "Al Khalid is shitty. Like other Chinese copy tank."

I don't consider anyone stating such delirium a person adequate to talk with.
 

Damian

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any proof of your statements?
And any proof to Your statements? I was aksing for hard proof, and still nothing, because You have no proof to Your silly statements about complete inferiority of western designs.

what is the Leopard 2 A4 turret dimentions, left AND right side? Gun mantle?
60 or 65?
Why nobody try to measure?
Oh, but they were messured (we have photos), and Militarysta is currently working to have new photos of messures in better quality.



Maybe I have more of them somewhere on my HDD, but I would wait for new better quality pics.

I may admit, mostly they are not drawings to make such estimations, so it looks for me in same questions very funny.
Ah yes, but You was a person claming for years and still doing it, inferiority of western and Russian tanks compared Ukrainian "wunderwaffe's", and claiming that You know better what is a thickness of turret front armor of Leopard 2 or M1 tank. We proved that hese was pure fantasy of Yours.

What You do next? Shows us a pictures of old Soviet tanks after tests of modern ATGM and tells us that these tank are equivalent to much modern machines with improved armor protection. Are You thinking that people are idiots?

I don't know You have some pseudo patriotic complex that "hurraa Ukraine is the best and rest are loosers, they can't do anything properly", it is not even patriotism, it's a symptom of nationalism or even some sort of technological chauvinism.

I made a short note about Chinese turret design which was the "inspiration" for this biasad statements.
Why biased, and Your statements are what, i do not seen any criticism of BM Oplot from You, not even a single word, and we should belive You? It's obvious that You are biased, some people belive that You are directly connected (money if something would ask) to Kharkiv Morozov Machine Building Design Bureau, I do not know and these do not interest me, but there is something stragne that person claiming to be independent expert, are not making even one, single critical observation of his "beloved" machine. Even I, person that like, even much US designs, like the M1, have pointed many times that design is not perfect, and upgrades, even extensive ones, would be needed.

I see people without understanding of the question - since then the Chienise introduced TWO variants of their new turret - they are ready to learn on thair mistakes.
Of course they are learning, as any human being, I do not see here or anywhere else statements that they are unable to learn.

Chinese turret design has both emphasis of western and soviet design.
I do not see any emphasis on western design style for tank turrets in their designs. Turret bustle there is not even for ammo storage in seprated magazine, far from western emphasize on crew survivability.

Russian T-90A turret - it is a complete disaster - "shot trap", weakened zone on all over the turret, as ERA is implemented in a most atrocious way.
"Complete disaster", "shot trap", I do not see complete disaster nor shot trap, and Your faith in ERA is really silly, like it would be some super armor, ERA have disadvantages also, like anything else, and I see a smart move in NII Stali statements about decision to go from explosive reactive material in to non explosive, that will probably also have multi hit capability. Even Knife and Duplet have disadvantages.

For example if Knife cassette is hit over it's edges, the effectiveness will drop, most probably in very significant way, the question is probability of such hit, but it is possible. Dupet on the other hand is heavy, some people may even consider ti as way too heavy for ERA.

Besides this, tests on proving grounds or in laboratory are allways in perfect conditions, who knows, maybe in real condition protection of BM Oplot sometimes will drop to avarage. And I see weak points in it's design.

Why glacis plate do not have two layers of Knife/Duplet, but only one? Weight issues?

Why still that dangerous autoloading systems with exposed propelant charges? I seen the same statements from Israelis and British, and hey, they had projectiles or propelant charges stored in armored containers, no such thing in BM Oplot for example. Why nobody was thinking about this issue and crew survivability? Over confidence in armor protection? Oh in history of AFV's many lost their lifes due to over confidence in armor.

Western MBT - they differ, but mostly not better then Chinese.
The only western MBT that is not better than Chinese is Italian C1 Ariete, that I must say it, is a complete joke, such turret geometry and only thin RHA armor over it's sides? Same for K2 Black Panther by the way, complete lack of understanding that side armor is also exposed to hits over frontal arc. Or again, weight issues.

And by western I mean NATO. We need to remember that in NATO philosophy, crew is most important. You can repair, rebuild or build new tank, and it is much cheaper (in any meaning) than replacing a crew, especially well trained crew. + If crew know, that it have much higher chances to survive even armor perforation, they will fight better.

I don't consider anyone stating such delirium a person adequate to talk with.
Ahh, but isn't it very comfrotable approach, and it's not giving Your statements higher creditability, someone may think that You do not wan't to talk because You have nothing constructive to add.

And I must say it is partially true, especially when I see this ridicoulus "war" between You and Khlopotov... it have some good points though, both of You sometimes may unintentionally slip some usefull informations, not nececary ones that should be available to public.

And honestly I do not care about this, but when I see a statements of complete superiority or inferiority of some designs from You or something else I'am just sick.

For example You consider that BM Oplot is some super tank, at least it looks like. But in fact in many things it is prehistoric for today standards, it can shoot GLATGM but it seems that designers of FCS are not completely using this advantage. If You want to use precision guided munitions, it would be good to have as high as possible zoom for sights, so the gunner can guide missile in to weak zones precisely. In this perfect is just new FCS mounted in M1A2SEP with maximal 25x and digital 50x zoom for main sight or TC CITV. This have also other advantages, why even tank should fire itself to far located targets? Lase it, computer will calculate distance, then it will calculate coordinates and voila, TC can send them to artillery via BMS.

This is proper thinking about tank being part of bigger system and using advantages of new technologies.

This makes difference between me and You, You are making hard statements that are or biased, or based on partial informations.

I remember Your excitement when photos of M1 side turret armor appeared in the internet. You were quick in to making hard statements. I took this photos and spend months looking at them, and I find some details, that permitt me to assume that Your statements are based on uncomplete informations, making them false.

And I give here this example.

Andrei_bt assumed that M1's side armor composite inserts are made of only 3 layers, mounted on spring, that are mounted in to bolts, mounted to the turret backplate. And I would accept such design if, there would not be one, single and small detail, the backplate photos. The backplate is smooth, there is not even one single attache point for these bolts. So what we assume is that bolts are placed inside another set of layers, we do not known structure of these layers, but this is actually most plausible explanation.



As we can see, backplate is smooth, so we assume that it looks like this:



Don't treat the blue layers as they look on drawing, it is just simplified, my personal opinion is that to decrease weight, they look similiar to the red layers.



Insert is visible on engine deck. As we can see, no attacke points even on these bolts, also they do not seem to be welded to backplate either.

So Andrei, maybe reckonsider Your attitude, if not to UVZ designs, to at least non soviet designs... especially that You have tendency to ignore their history and the changes and improvements they went through their service life.

BTW, the M1 on photos is not dedicated anti tank weapon victim, it was disabled by IED, most probably it started to burn and was left behind BLUFOR without any fire extinguishing action, this is why it have such extensive damage. It was a complete loss, after shiping to US it was most probably examined by specialists from TACOM and GDLS, then cut and send for remelting.

The version of this M1 is most probably M1A1HA (manufactured from 1988 to 1990/1991 or M1A1HC (manufactured from 1990 to 1992/1993) not a more modern variants, so also it's protection is lower, it is possible that it's armor design is a bit different to the later variants.
 
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Kunal Biswas

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I made a short note about Chinese turret design which was the "inspiration" for this biasad statements.
I see people without understanding of the question - since then the Chienise introduced TWO variants of their new turret - they are ready to learn on thair mistakes.
Yes, I have seen but the Problem remain same, Their is a new upgrade with ERA put over the vulnerable area, But that doesn't solve the problem, It need a total new deign..
 

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