WARREN SS
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Indian Nuclear test Was Secret Project
Read this
How the CIA was Fooled by India
This extract addresses one of the big questions of the 1998 tests that has so far remained unanswered: just how did India keep preparations for the nuclear tests secret, hoodwinking even the redoubtable CIA which had satellites constantly monitoring Pokhran? The subterfuge adopted by the bomb team -- real cloak and dagger stuff -- was considered as big a triumph as the test itself. And the Indian Army had a major role to play in the effort.
The US Marine Intelligence maps showing the Indian test site, 1997.
http://www.india-today.com/itoday/17051999/books.html
Shakti I thermonuclear device Which was the underground Test Abdul Kalam also said that the thermonuclear bomb's yield was designed to be at 200 kilotons of TNT (840 TJ) but it had to reduced to 50 KT kilotons of TNT (190 TJ) to minimize seismic damage to villages near the test range; the closest village to the test range, Khetolai, was a mere 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) away
See the Image below
Also read
Fizzle' claim for thermonuclear test refuted
The government on Thursday strongly refuted claims that the 1998 test of a thermonuclear device had been a failure, with Principal Scientific Adviser R. Chidambaram telling The Hindu that those questioning the tests yield had an obligation to back up their charge with scientific evidence.
He was responding to the recent statement by a former defence scientist, K. Santhanam, that “the yield in the thermonuclear device test was much lower than what was claimed.” Mr. Santhanam, who cited only unspecified “seismic measurements and expert opinion from world over,” went on to say that this was the reason India should not sign the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT).
“If Mr. Santhanam has any scientific data to back up what he has claimed, I am sure BARC scientists would be more than happy to debate it,” said Dr. Chidambaram. “Without that, this kind of statement means nothing.”
Source:
http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article10457.ece?homepage=true
What you Missed to from Wikipedia In your Hastiness to prove Me wrong
The BARC approximated the blast yields at 58 kilotons of TNT (240 TJ) that were obtained at the site 3 km from the test shafts on 11 May 1998. The BARC described the tests as a "complete success, and it was determined that all the devices and their components had performed flawlessly."On 17 May 1998, Abdul Kalam and R. Chidambaram held a press conference to validate BARC's data to remove all doubts.
They have test data to Prove it
India currently has 3 types of nuclear weapons in its arsenal. These are:
(1) Thermonuclear Device
(2) Fusion boosted Fission Bomb ( 2 types - Weapon grade plutonium & Reactor grade Plutonium)
(3) Fission Plutonium Bomb (2 types - Low Yield & High Yield )
After the 58 kiloton Pokhran-II nuclear tests India received its first fusion boosted weapon device . Present-day thermonuclear weapons need plutonium or highly enriched uranium to set off the hydrogen-bomb part.Fusion produces 1 neutron for 14 MEV release of energy, while fission produces approximately 3-4 neutrons for 200 MEV release of energy. Ergo ,Fission is energy intensive whereas fusion is neutron intensive.
In an interview to the Federation of American Scientists Dr. R. Chidambaram (RC), Chairman, AEC & Secretary, DAE had clearly mentioned that a Thermonuclear weapon was indeed tested .
Press Conference
Shortly after POKHRAN II BARC published their radio-chemical analysis estimate of the S-1(Fusion Weapon) yield . The raw data has not been presented as it could reveal the specifics of the weapon design. However, it provides a qualitative method of determining the efficacy of the tests.
Page on barc.gov.in
Two controversies gathered storm after Pokhran 2(thanks largely to speculations made by commentators who were never even present during the tests) . First , the yield of the Thermonuclear explosion was lower than what was declared & Second , just 5 nuclear tests isn't enough to develop the nuclear weapons that India intends to develop .
Needless to say that individuals from BARC , MoD , IA etc are parties to a Non Disclosure Non Circumventing agreement and therefore they cannot disclose information that is defined as confidential . Therefore , the other individuals who are stating the Yield figures are basically speculating based probably on their own understanding of Nuclear weapon yield . As a reminder , the yield-to-weight ratio is the amount of weapon yield compared to the mass of the weapon.
Also , detractors used the Wallace Analysis to state that the yield was less . Now the formula that Wallace used was arbitrary in nature and therefore the appropriateness of this formula is debatable . The formula is dependent on two variables - seismic signal generated by the test and size of the crater formed. However, Scaling Laws clearly explains that since the scaling laws themselves are changing it is very difficult to use Scaling Laws to measure Shot Effects . While , it is possible that the actual yield of the Thermonuclear weapon was somewhat less than the figure of 45 kilo tons that was disclosed by GOI it is certainly not as low as the figures circulated by certain Western Analysts .
Use plural, India has thermonuclear bombs: Kakodkar
In other words,the S1 is the thermonuclear device that was tested . So , after the test, the S1 ( it's military designation will be different) became India's thermonuclear weapon.
NOW, Read the second controversy of INDIA not carrying out enough nuclear tests to get all the data required to design a Thermonuclear weapon , fact remains that with the advent of Scalable supercomputer clustering , nuclear explosions can be Simulated down to the molecular level. Therefore , India does not need to carry out as many nuclear tests as the P-5 members did in the 60s and 70s unless of course India wants to drastically change the physical and mathematical models that describe the nuclear explosion that is being simulated. This is because throwing more computing resources at a simulation whose fundamental equations are flawed will not improve the accuracy of the solution.
Field Evaluation Report of Nuclear test Site by Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC)
Do You Know What Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) Stand For
This assessment has been seconded by the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI). In arecent research brief, SIRPI noted, “A new unsafeguarded gas centrifuge facility appears to be under construction at the Rare Metals Plant near Mysore. India’s expanded centrifuge enrichment capacity has been motivated by plans to build new naval propulsion reactors, but the potential excess capacity could also signify its intent to move towards thermonuclear weapons by blending the current plutonium arsenal with uranium secondaries.”
http://thediplomat.com/2014/06/is-india-building-thermonuclear-weapons/
The types of weapons India is believed to have available for its arsenal include:
With Agni-6 or K series SLBMs Which can carry 6-8 RV Mk-5 and Mk-6 Which Yields upto 150-200KT
In Single Agni-6 Missile
200KT x 6/8 warheads =1.2- 1.6 MT
India Nuclear Submarine INS Aridhaman can carry 8 K series SLBMs
Now calculate 1.6 Mt x 8 Missiles =12.8 Megatons
@LETHALFORCE @Kunal Biswas @abingdonboy
Read this
How the CIA was Fooled by India
This extract addresses one of the big questions of the 1998 tests that has so far remained unanswered: just how did India keep preparations for the nuclear tests secret, hoodwinking even the redoubtable CIA which had satellites constantly monitoring Pokhran? The subterfuge adopted by the bomb team -- real cloak and dagger stuff -- was considered as big a triumph as the test itself. And the Indian Army had a major role to play in the effort.
The US Marine Intelligence maps showing the Indian test site, 1997.
http://www.india-today.com/itoday/17051999/books.html
Shakti I thermonuclear device Which was the underground Test Abdul Kalam also said that the thermonuclear bomb's yield was designed to be at 200 kilotons of TNT (840 TJ) but it had to reduced to 50 KT kilotons of TNT (190 TJ) to minimize seismic damage to villages near the test range; the closest village to the test range, Khetolai, was a mere 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) away
See the Image below
Also read
Fizzle' claim for thermonuclear test refuted
The government on Thursday strongly refuted claims that the 1998 test of a thermonuclear device had been a failure, with Principal Scientific Adviser R. Chidambaram telling The Hindu that those questioning the tests yield had an obligation to back up their charge with scientific evidence.
He was responding to the recent statement by a former defence scientist, K. Santhanam, that “the yield in the thermonuclear device test was much lower than what was claimed.” Mr. Santhanam, who cited only unspecified “seismic measurements and expert opinion from world over,” went on to say that this was the reason India should not sign the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT).
“If Mr. Santhanam has any scientific data to back up what he has claimed, I am sure BARC scientists would be more than happy to debate it,” said Dr. Chidambaram. “Without that, this kind of statement means nothing.”
Source:
http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article10457.ece?homepage=true
What you Missed to from Wikipedia In your Hastiness to prove Me wrong
The BARC approximated the blast yields at 58 kilotons of TNT (240 TJ) that were obtained at the site 3 km from the test shafts on 11 May 1998. The BARC described the tests as a "complete success, and it was determined that all the devices and their components had performed flawlessly."On 17 May 1998, Abdul Kalam and R. Chidambaram held a press conference to validate BARC's data to remove all doubts.
They have test data to Prove it
India currently has 3 types of nuclear weapons in its arsenal. These are:
(1) Thermonuclear Device
(2) Fusion boosted Fission Bomb ( 2 types - Weapon grade plutonium & Reactor grade Plutonium)
(3) Fission Plutonium Bomb (2 types - Low Yield & High Yield )
After the 58 kiloton Pokhran-II nuclear tests India received its first fusion boosted weapon device . Present-day thermonuclear weapons need plutonium or highly enriched uranium to set off the hydrogen-bomb part.Fusion produces 1 neutron for 14 MEV release of energy, while fission produces approximately 3-4 neutrons for 200 MEV release of energy. Ergo ,Fission is energy intensive whereas fusion is neutron intensive.
In an interview to the Federation of American Scientists Dr. R. Chidambaram (RC), Chairman, AEC & Secretary, DAE had clearly mentioned that a Thermonuclear weapon was indeed tested .
Press Conference
Shortly after POKHRAN II BARC published their radio-chemical analysis estimate of the S-1(Fusion Weapon) yield . The raw data has not been presented as it could reveal the specifics of the weapon design. However, it provides a qualitative method of determining the efficacy of the tests.
Page on barc.gov.in
Two controversies gathered storm after Pokhran 2(thanks largely to speculations made by commentators who were never even present during the tests) . First , the yield of the Thermonuclear explosion was lower than what was declared & Second , just 5 nuclear tests isn't enough to develop the nuclear weapons that India intends to develop .
Needless to say that individuals from BARC , MoD , IA etc are parties to a Non Disclosure Non Circumventing agreement and therefore they cannot disclose information that is defined as confidential . Therefore , the other individuals who are stating the Yield figures are basically speculating based probably on their own understanding of Nuclear weapon yield . As a reminder , the yield-to-weight ratio is the amount of weapon yield compared to the mass of the weapon.
Also , detractors used the Wallace Analysis to state that the yield was less . Now the formula that Wallace used was arbitrary in nature and therefore the appropriateness of this formula is debatable . The formula is dependent on two variables - seismic signal generated by the test and size of the crater formed. However, Scaling Laws clearly explains that since the scaling laws themselves are changing it is very difficult to use Scaling Laws to measure Shot Effects . While , it is possible that the actual yield of the Thermonuclear weapon was somewhat less than the figure of 45 kilo tons that was disclosed by GOI it is certainly not as low as the figures circulated by certain Western Analysts .
Use plural, India has thermonuclear bombs: Kakodkar
In other words,the S1 is the thermonuclear device that was tested . So , after the test, the S1 ( it's military designation will be different) became India's thermonuclear weapon.
NOW, Read the second controversy of INDIA not carrying out enough nuclear tests to get all the data required to design a Thermonuclear weapon , fact remains that with the advent of Scalable supercomputer clustering , nuclear explosions can be Simulated down to the molecular level. Therefore , India does not need to carry out as many nuclear tests as the P-5 members did in the 60s and 70s unless of course India wants to drastically change the physical and mathematical models that describe the nuclear explosion that is being simulated. This is because throwing more computing resources at a simulation whose fundamental equations are flawed will not improve the accuracy of the solution.
Field Evaluation Report of Nuclear test Site by Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC)
Do You Know What Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) Stand For
This assessment has been seconded by the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI). In arecent research brief, SIRPI noted, “A new unsafeguarded gas centrifuge facility appears to be under construction at the Rare Metals Plant near Mysore. India’s expanded centrifuge enrichment capacity has been motivated by plans to build new naval propulsion reactors, but the potential excess capacity could also signify its intent to move towards thermonuclear weapons by blending the current plutonium arsenal with uranium secondaries.”
http://thediplomat.com/2014/06/is-india-building-thermonuclear-weapons/
The types of weapons India is believed to have available for its arsenal include:
- a pure fission plutonium bomb with a yield of 12 kt;
- a fusion boosted fission bomb with a yield of 15-20 kt, made with weapon-grade ploutonium;
- a fusion boosted fission bomb design, made with reactor-grade plutonium;
- low yield pure fission plutonium bomb designs with yields from 0.1 kt to 1 kt;
- a thermonuclear bomb design with a yield of 200-300 kt.
- Mk-4: For light weight 17Kt Fusion Boosted Fission (FBF) warhead5. Mass6: ~180 Kg7.
- Mk-5: For 50Kt FBF or 200Kt Thermo Nuclear (TN) warhead8. Mass: ~340 Kg
- Mk-6: For 150Kt FBF warhead 9. Mass: ~550 Kg.
With Agni-6 or K series SLBMs Which can carry 6-8 RV Mk-5 and Mk-6 Which Yields upto 150-200KT
In Single Agni-6 Missile
200KT x 6/8 warheads =1.2- 1.6 MT
India Nuclear Submarine INS Aridhaman can carry 8 K series SLBMs
Now calculate 1.6 Mt x 8 Missiles =12.8 Megatons
@LETHALFORCE @Kunal Biswas @abingdonboy
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