[]Continued... from https://defenceforumindia.com/threads/aryan-invasion-theory.1403/post-2132344
Excellent work viz The ARCHAEOGENETICS Blog
Author : VASISTHA and ASHISH
Proto-Indo-European from NW Indian subcontinent, Iran or SC Asia - A Proposal based on Genetics
3. Steppe = EHG + IranN
The model fails with the worst F Stat Zscore = 11.15 for f4(Irongates, CHG; IraN, Steppe) signaling a need for CHG.
Outlier Z Scores
See -
With the above (failed) models, what we see is that apart from EHG, at least 2 sources for Iranian components are needed in Steppe_EN, CHG & IndiaN.
4. Steppe = EHG + CHG + IranN
The model fails with worst F4 Z-Score of 4.64 for f4(Yana, IVC; IranN, Steppe) signaling that there is still a need for IVC-related ancestry. All the outlier F4 Z-scores also signals the same need. They are pasted below.
See -
5. Steppe = EHG + CHG + IndiaN
Model is a success with the worst f4 Z-Score of 2.52. IranN ancestry is not needed, unlike in the above model where IVC-related ancestry was needed.
Steppe_Eneolithic = 50%EHG + 44% IndiaN1 + 6% CHG +- standard errors
FINAL MODEL
From the above, we can see that the that the only working model for Steppe_Eneolithic is a 3 source model of EHG + CHG + IndiaN with EHG and IndiaN being the major components.
However, the model whihc provides the best fit is a 4 source model which also includes IranN. It gives no F4 outliers, the lowest final score (best fit) as well as all non zero drift edges.
Worst F4 Z-Score 2.7.
Steppe = 51% EHG + 40% IndiaN1 + 6% CHG + 3% IranN
DISCUSSION
No study so far has delved into the nature of the source of the Iranian related ancestry in the Steppe Eneolithic. The above qpGraph models conclude that the only models which fit for Steppe_en have to include EHG, CHG, and IndiaN as a source. The western Iranian Zagros herder-related ancestry has little part to play in the genesis of the Steppe ancestry. The graphs show a high prevalence (40%) of ancestry related to the ancestors of IVC people in the steppe profile. The usual caveats apply - we need to find the actual samples corresponding to the 5000-4000 BCE time period from the NW Indian subcontinent, SC Asian, and Eastern Iranian regions. qpGraph outputs may also change with the inclusion of other reference groups.
Narasimhan et al., 2019 provide the admixture date between AASI and IndiaN components in IVC samples from Shahr-i-Sokhta as 4483-3811 BCE. This could have occurred in two ways:
1. The IndiaN ancestry in IVC (node IndiaN3) resided near the IVC region and it was the AASI ancestry that moved to NW Indian subcontinent for the admixture.
OR
2. The AASI ancestry resided near the IVC region and IndiaN3 ancestry admixed with this ancestry from the west of it.
Ancient DNA from the NW Indian subcontinent region from 5000 BCE should give a definitive answer to this question. What is clear is that the same ancestors of IVC people gave ancestry to both IVC and Steppe post 6000 BCE, which provides evidence to explain the common source of Indo & European languages.
THE INDO IRANIAN BRANCH OF IE
The linguistic case for a steppe homeland (Sintashta/Andronovo Horizon) of Proto-Indo-Iranian language assumes a (one or more) non-IE language substrate in NW of the Indian subcontinent. The hypothesis assumes a complete replacement of extant languages by the incoming people (predominantly male) from the steppes. However, there are many inconsistencies with this hypothesis as has been laid out in a
comprehensive article by Jaydeepsinh Rathod (11), using tens of references from the work of linguists. The article also argues for a much older presence of the IE language family in the Indian subcontinent than is proposed by the steppe theory (1500BCE). There have been other historians, linguists, and archaeologists who have also argued for a much older presence of IE languages in the subcontinent. This paper agrees with the assertion of the older presence of IE languages in the NW Indian subcontinent given the genetic contact between ancestors of IVC and Steppe_eneolithic.
The answer to the question regarding the linguistic nature of contact between the bronze age Steppe people and Indo Iranian speaking people of the Indian subcontinent & Iran remains unclear because of the lack of any extant texts from the steppe. It is clear that the steppe bronze age ancestry appeared in the Indo Iranian speaking regions post-2000 BCE, but the nature of linguistic contact, loanword exchange, etc needs more study.
THE PROTO-INDO-EUROPEAN HOMELAND
The crux of the above analysis is that the same source that provides the maximum amount of ancestry to modern Indians (especially north Indians & Pakistanis), also provides a big chunk of ancestry to the Steppe component. This steppe component is believed to be the vector of language spread to the ancestors of most IE-speaking Europeans today.
This validates the theory of an Iranian PIE homeland, also supported by
Johannes Krause of Max Planck Institute in his 2021 book (10). However, given that the bulk of the Iran-like ancestry in the Steppe is related to IVC ancestry rather than CHG or western Iranian herder ancestry,
the locus of PIE must be shifted to the east of what has been suggested in the book. Another reason why a northwest Iranian PIE is unlikely is that the region had a big amount of Anatolian farmer ancestry already by 6000 BCE, which is missing from the Steppe Eneolithic. The high in Anatolian Farmer ancestry 6000 BCE Hajji Firuz chalcolithic samples are evidence of this. The location of these samples is actually inside the locus proposed by Krause (in the graphic below)
This eastern locus supports the hypothesis by the anthropologist from St. Petersburg State University, Alexander Kozintsev (12) among others, who proposed east of Caspian sea origin of pie.
From Chapter 6:
A Short History of Humanity by J. Krause, Max Planck Institute
THE PROPOSAL FOR Pie.
|
THE BIG PICTURE: Genetic admixture events post 6000BCE can explain the IE Language dispersal |
TOOLS, DATA, AND OUTPUT FILES
1. The latest version of ADMIXTOOLS was used for qpGraph and convertf. Available
here.
2.
Plink 1.9 was used to make only a subset of required samples from the large eigenstrat database.
3. The genotype files and qpGraph parameter/input/output files are uploaded
here, which can be used for verification and rebuilding the models.
REFERENCES
1 Haak, W., Lazaridis, I., Patterson, N. et al. Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe. Nature 522, 207–211 (2015).
https://doi.org/10.1038/nature14317
2 Wang, CC., Reinhold, S., Kalmykov, A. et al. Ancient human genome-wide data from a 3000-year interval in the Caucasus corresponds with eco-geographic regions. Nat Commun 10, 590 (2019).
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-08220-8
3 Shinde V, Narasimhan VM, Rohland N, et al. An Ancient Harappan Genome Lacks Ancestry from Steppe Pastoralists or Iranian Farmers. Cell. 2019;179(3):729-735.e10.
doi:10.1016/j.cell.2019.08.048
4 Narasimhan VM, Patterson N, Moorjani P, et al. The formation of human populations in South and Central Asia. Science. 2019;365(6457):eaat7487.
doi:10.1126/science.aat7487
5 Patterson N, Moorjani P, Luo Y, et al. Ancient admixture in human history. Genetics. 2012;192(3):1065-1093.
doi:10.1534/genetics.112.145037
6 He G, Wang M, Zou X, et al. Peopling History of the Tibetan Plateau and Multiple Waves of Admixture of Tibetans Inferred From Both Ancient and Modern Genome-Wide Data. Front Genet. 2021;12:725243. Published 2021 Sep 3.
doi:10.3389/fgene.2021.725243
7 Paleolithic DNA from the Caucasus reveals core of West Eurasian ancestry
Iosif Lazaridis, Anna Belfer-Cohen, Swapan Mallick, Nick Patterson, Olivia Cheronet, Nadin Rohland, Guy Bar-Oz, Ofer Bar-Yosef, Nino Jakeli, Eliso Kvavadze, David Lordkipanidze, Zinovi Matzkevich, Tengiz Meshveliani, Brendan J. Culleton, Douglas J. Kennett, Ron Pinhasi, David Reich
bioRxiv 423079; doi:
https://doi.org/10.1101/423079
8 Lazaridis, I., Nadel, D., Rollefson, G. et al. Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East. Nature 536, 419–424 (2016).
https://doi.org/10.1038/nature19310
9 Zhang, F., Ning, C., Scott, A. et al. The genomic origins of the Bronze Age Tarim Basin mummies. Nature 599, 256–261 (2021).
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-04052-7
10 Krause J, 2021
A Short History of Humanity- How Migration Made Us Who We Are Penguin Books. Chapter 6 Europeans Find a Language
11 Rathod J., 2021
Can Linguistics prove AMT & reject OIT ?
12 Kozintsev A, 2019
Proto-Indo-Europeans: The Prologue Journal of Indo-European Studies, vol. 47 (3-4), pp.293-380
13 Chintalapati M., Patterson N., Moorjani P. et al. Reconstructing the spatiotemporal patterns of admixture during the European Holocene using a novel genomic dating method
bioRxiv 2022.01.18.476710; doi:
https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.01.18.476710