Rahul92
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Arab League
The Egyptian-based Arab organization denounced Pakistan's nuclear tests calling them a "dangerous" step toward an arms race.
(CNN, 28 May 98)
Argentina
Director of the Division of International Security and Nuclear and Space Affairs Pedro Villagra Delgado said: "We lament Pakistan's tests because they generate a nuclear arms race that is not compatible with world peace and security. Thus, we urge Pakistan to subscribe to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty and the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty." Villagra also took the opportunity to note concern regarding Argentina's nuclear relations with Brazil in the 1970s, and pointed out that circumstances changed. "Now we have a bilateral control agency and we (Brazil and Argentina) are supervised by the IAEA. In addition, we have an agreement of full-scope safeguards." At the same time Villagra remained skeptical that the Mercosur experience might be useful in addressing the situation between India and Pakistan. "I do not know if there are conditions for such a process because they have a history of confrontations that we do not have with the Brazilians." Villagra also warned that Pakistan and India should consider the situation because it "can end in something that neither of the two countries will be able to control."
(Clarin, 29 May 98)
Australia
Australian Foreign Minister Alexander Downer deeply regretted Pakistan's five nuclear tests and added that sanctions would be levied within hours. "I strongly condemn the nuclear tests conducted by Pakistan today [28 May 1998]. As with the tests conducted by India, Pakistan's actions have serious implications for global and regional security and fly in the face of the international norm against nuclear weapons testing." Pakistan rejected Australia's offer to almost double its aid to A$5 million (US$1.61 million) if Islamabad did not carry out any nuclear tests. Downer said that he expected the sanctions imposed on Pakistan would be similar to those placed on India. These would include the retraction of all nonhumanitarian aid and defense and cultural ties and the possible withdrawal of the High Commissioner for consultations.
(The Australian, 28 May 98; Reuters)
Australia said it deplored Pakistan's sixth nuclear test adding that it only compounded the international outrage expressed when Pakistan conducted its first nuclear tests on 28 May 1998.
(Infoseek News Channel, 30 May 98)
Brazil
The Brazilian government said it "deplores" Pakistan's decision to carry out its nuclear tests. It expressed its conviction that Pakistan and India's nuclear tests put at risk the nuclear nonproliferation regime, whose "integrity is an indispensable condition for the maintenance of peace and international security." Moreover, it said that it was "deeply disappointed" that Pakistan did not heed the appeals of the international community to act with restraint following India's five nuclear tests earlier this month. The government also urged Pakistan to join the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty, an important step toward nuclear disarmament, a goal to which Brazil is firmly committed. In addition, the government expressed concern over a possible arms race with India, and encouraged both sides to exercise restraint.
(Ministry of Foreign Relations, 28 May 98)
Canada
Prime Minister Jean Chretien expressed dismay following Pakistan's five nuclear tests. In an official statement Chretien promised that bilateral relations with Pakistan "would now be placed on hold," and said that the foreign ministry would announce further measures later 28 May 1998.
(AFP, 28 May 98; Dawn, 28 May 98)
China
"China expresses its deep regret over Pakistan's nuclear test today," Chinese Foreign Minister Zhu Bangzao said. "China has always advocated the complete prohibition and thorough destruction of nuclear weapons and is opposed to any form of nuclear weapon proliferation." Zhu also said China is "deeply worried about this and feels uneasy about the present nuclear race in South Asia." He then urged both Pakistan and India to use "the utmost restraint" and to immediately cease their nuclear weapons programs so as to not further jeopardize the peace and stability of the region.
(Lateline News, 28 May 98; Xinhua, 28 May 98)
On 29 May 1998, the Associated Press reported that Chinese President Jiang Zemin had made an "unusual step." Jiang sent a letter to Pakistani officials pleading with them not to conduct nuclear tests, at the request of US President Bill Clinton. The Chinese Foreign Ministry declined to comment on the letter. According to CNN, China's public statements have been "diluted" due to its empathy for Pakistan's position.
(CNN, 29 May 98)
A Foreign Ministry statement following Pakistan's sixth nuclear test said, "[China] expresses deep regret that Pakistan has conducted nuclear tests once again and are deeply worried and disturbed by the current nuclear arms race in South Asia. We solemnly appeal to Pakistan and India to exercise maximum restraint." In addition, China implored both countries to "immediately renounce their nuclear weapon development programs and prevent the situation from worsening so as to contribute to the peace and security of the South Asia region." Moreover, China added its support to creating a nuclear-weapon-free zone in South Asia, and encouraged the international community to do the same.
(Infoseek News Channel, 30 May 98)
Egypt
In reaction to Pakistan's nuclear tests on 28 May 1998, the Egyptian government used the opportunity to sell the idea of a nuclear-weapon-free zone in the Middle East and implored Israel to sign the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty. Egyptian Foreign Minister Amr Moussa said "This (nuclear test) places the region of South Asia in a special position in view of the presence of two nuclear powers in it. Rendering the Middle East a region free from nuclear weapons is now a must for maintaining regional security."
(Xinhua, 28 May 98)
European Union
The European Union said that its 15 member-states "will be urgently considering" sanctions against Pakistan similar to the ones already announced against India.
(CNN, 28 May 98)
France
In an official statement on 28 May 1998, the French Foreign Ministry denounced Pakistan's five nuclear tests. "France regrets that Pakistan did not heed the calls for restraint. These tests go against the grain of world efforts against nuclear proliferation," the statement said.
(AFP, 28 May 98; Dawn, 28 May 98)
The French Foreign Ministry said that the tests "fly in the face of worldwide efforts against nuclear proliferation and for an end to testing."
(CNN, 28 May 98)
Following Pakistan's sixth test, President Jacques Chirac proposed a summit of "the seven or eight powers with the capability to do something" to convince India and Pakistan to sign the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty and join the negotiations at the Conference on Disarmament on the fissile material cutoff treaty. According to the "Washington Post," Chirac presumably meant the five permanent members of the UN Security Council plus Japan and Germany as mediators in his proposed summit conference. According to Chirac's plan, the "seven or eight powers" would discuss among themselves first their objectives, "then India and Pakistan could join the talks . . . and we could all work together to save the Non-Proliferation Treaty, which must be saved," Chirac said.
(Washington Post, 30 May 98)
President Jacques Chirac implored India and Pakistan to abstain from further nuclear testing and defuse tensions in South Asia. "We have already condemned these . . . tests because they represent a double danger, on the one hand for the strategic balance of this part of the world, Asia, and on the other for the very survival of the system of non-proliferation." He also added that, "France, for her part, has started a dialogue with the two protagonists, India and Pakistan, and also with the whole international community."
(CNN, 1 June 98; Reuters, 1 June 98)
G-8
British Foreign Secretary Robin Cook, speaking for the G-8 said: "In carrying out these further tests, Pakistan had acted in flagrant disregard of international opinion. The tests do nothing to enhance Pakistan's security environment. They further escalate tension and heighten concerns about an arms race in South Asia. The international community is united in its insistence that Pakistan should refrain from further tests." Cook also said, "our approach to Pakistan and India in light of the nuclear tests, will consider in particular how we can most effectively bring both of them within the global non-proliferation regime and encourage them to address the roots of the tension between them." Foreign ministers of the G-8 will meet in London on 12 June to coordinate their approach to Pakistan and India. The British Foreign Secretary will preside at the meeting, since Britain is the current president of the European Union.
(Daily Hot News World, 30 May 98)
Germany
German Foreign Minister Klaus Kinkel condemned Pakistan's five nuclear tests 28 May 1998 and called on both India and Pakistan to avoid escalation. Cooperation and Development Minister Carl-Dieter also called off bilateral talks scheduled for June with Pakistan essentially freezing DM70 million ($42 million) in aid.
(Dawn, 28 May 98)
Foreign Minister Klaus Kinkel said in response to Pakistan's nuclear detonations that it was calling off its talks on economic development, but that it would not go so far as to back EU sanctions. "The nuclear genie has escaped from the bottle again. Imposing sanctions cannot put it back in again," Kinkel said.
(CNN, 28 May 98)
Foreign Minister Klaus Kinkel condemned Pakistan's latest test and urged the UN Security Council to meet immediately to try to stop "the crazy escalation" in South Asia.
(BBC, 30 May 98)
Hungary
The Hungarian Foreign Ministry noted the Pakistani nuclear tests "with regret."
(CNN, 28 May 98)
India
News of Pakistan's nuclear tests reached India during a heated debate in India's parliament concerning the wisdom of India's nuclear tests. Indian Prime Minister Vajpayee and Interior Minster Lal Krishna rushed out of the parliamentary chamber when opposition leaders, who were heatedly debating India's tests, rose to their feet in anger after hearing about Pakistan's nuclear tests. Communist Party of India-Marxist leader Somnath Chatterjee said: "It is a nuclear arms race that you [speaking to Vajpayee and his government] have started in this region." Later, former Prime Ministers I.K. Gujral and H.D. Deve Gowda said that Pakistan's tests were a reaction to India's tests. Former Defense Minister and president of the Samajweadi party Mulayam Singh Yadav condemned the BJP-led government for "provoking" Pakistan's tests. The leader of the opposition in the Lok Sabha (India's Lower House) told the press, "I fear a nuclear race between India and Pakistan which cannot be the priorities of the two countries." Others supporting the BJP said the tests were to be "expected." India's chief of the army staff General V.P. Malik said that the "nuclear explosions conducted by Pakistan have not come as a surprise to India." Malik also said, "We are no more a soft state and we are not a push-over when it comes to national security concerns." "A situation of symmetry has finally been established among the country's neighbors now. If there was any ambiguity earlier about Pakistan's nuclear capability, it no longer exists. Now it is known to the world and it is better this way," he added.
(IRNA, 28 May 98; Reuters, 28 May 98)
On 28 May, after Pakistan detonated its nuclear tests, Prime Minister Atal Behari Vajpayee said India had "anticipated" Pakistan's tests before India set off its own nuclear tests on 11 May. "We knew much before 11 May that Pakistan would conduct the test," he said. Moreover, Vajpayee asserted after an emergency meeting with his advisers that "India is ready to meet any challenge." Also, the External Affairs Ministry said in a press release that Pakistan was now in possession of "nuclear weapons" and urged the world to now "reassess" its view that India's tests were unprovoked. "The (Indian) government has taken all steps necessary for safeguarding the nation's security," said a ministry spokesman.
(IRNA, 28 May 98; Reuters, 28 May 98)
The Foreign Ministry said that Pakistan's nuclear tests "confirmed what has been known all along � that the country has been in possession of nuclear weapons," it said in an official statement. "This event vindicates our assessment and our policies as well as the measures that have been taken. We expect those who disagreed with us will reassess their stand," it added. The Indian ministry also added that India continues to take those steps necessary for its security.
(AFP, 28 May 98; Dawn 28 May 98)
Prime Minister Atal Behari Vajpayee said that the detonation of nuclear devises by neighboring Pakistan could lead him to reconsider India's vow not test its own nuclear devices again. "A new situation has come up and it will be taken into account in formulating our policy," he said when a reporter asked him whether India would abide by its declared moratorium on tests. Vajpayee also said he is still committed to his no-first-use policy of nuclear weapons.
(CNN, 28 May 98)
Prime Minister Atal Behari Vajpayee said during a televised parliamentary debate over India's nuclear policies that Pakistan's nuclear tests "vindicated" India's decision to detonate its own nuclear devices two weeks earlier.
(The Australian, 29 May 98)
The Foreign Ministry said that it was not surprised by Pakistan's sixth nuclear test on 30 May 1998. The ministry repeated India's proposal for a "no first use" pact and reiterated its call for peace and security in South Asia.
(Infoseek News Channel, 30 May 98)
Iran
Iranian Foreign Ministry spokesman Mahmoud Mohammadi said on state television, "Iran follows with deep concern the crisis created after the recent nuclear tests [in Pakistan on 28 May 1998]. The Islamic Republic of Iran calls on Pakistan and India to promptly cease all tests and stop the nuclear race and join the [Nuclear] Non-Proliferation Treaty." The Iranian government also took the opportunity to push the idea of a nuclear-weapon-free zone in the Middle East. "The recent developments once again point to the necessity of giving serious attention to setting us nuclear-free zones, especially in the sensitive Middle East region, which is under the threat of Israel's nuclear arsenal," Mohammadi said. President Mohammad Khatami told Pakistani Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif the week before the tests that he understood Pakistan's security concerns after India's nuclear tests son 11 and 13 May, but he urged Islamabad to exercise restraint.
(Reuters, 29 May 98)
Iranian Foreign Minister Kamal Kharrazi said that Muslims throughout the world will feel more confident now that Pakistan has nuclear weapons because it will help balance Israel's nuclear capability.
(BBC, 30 May 98)
Italy
Prime Minister Romano Prodi said he felt "deep regret and great concern" when he heard of Pakistan's nuclear tests 28 May 1998. He warned that bilateral relations between Rome and Islamabad would be affected. These tests "cannot but be condemned with the same force as those carried out by India, and cannot but have repercussions on Italy's bilateral and multilateral ties with these countries," Prodi said in a statement.
(AFP, 28 May 98)
Japan
The government called Pakistan's nuclear tests "extremely deplorable." In response to Pakistan's actions Chief Cabinet Secretary Canes Muraoka said: "The government for its part has immediately started considering taking proper action against Pakistan." In addition, Japan's Foreign Minister Keizo Obuchi summoned Pakistan's charge d'affaires, D.S. Kureshi, to place a protest against the Pakistani government, said Muraoka. Japan, which has suspended new loans and grants to India in protest to its nuclear tests two weeks ago, might impose similar ones on Pakistan. Japan is the largest source of foreign aid for both India and Pakistan.
(Dawn, 28 May 98)
The government is considering recalling its ambassador to Pakistan in the wake of that country�s sixth nuclear test on 30 May 98.
(CNN, 30 May 98)
NATO
In a joint statement drafted during the NATO foreign ministers meeting in Luxembourg 28 May 1998, NATO and Russia joined forces in deploring Pakistan's nuclear tests saying they were "deeply concerned and dismayed by the developing regional nuclear arms race." The joint statement also said: "The relations of India and Pakistan with each of us have been affected negatively by these developments." NATO spokesman Jamie Shea said that by not heeding Western pleas for restraint Pakistan is "exposing itself to sanctions which it can ill afford."
(Reuters, 28 May 98)
NATO Secretary General Javier Solana said following Pakistan's nuclear tests: "We strongly condemn both Pakistan and India's nuclear tests, which have profound implications for the security of the region and beyond." In speaking for the alliance, he also urged Pakistan and India to "exercise maximum restraint." Other NATO officials said that Pakistan now risks "rigorous sanctions" similar to those placed on India.
(New York Times, 28 May 98; Reuters, 28 May 98)
The Netherlands
The Dutch government announced it would freeze all economic aid and ban all arms deliveries to Pakistan as a result of its nuclear tests on 28 May 1998. These sanctions are the same as those it imposed on India earlier this month. Foreign Minister Hans Van Mierlo said his country was "profoundly unhappy" with Pakistan's tests that could "further fuel an ominous weapons race" in the region. "The tests, while not totally unexpected, constitute a menace for stability in South Asia," Van Mierlo added. In addition, the foreign minister called on the five nuclear powers "to quell this nuclear proliferation." Dutch International Aid Minister also said that his government would halve its G60 million ($30 million) humanitarian aid package to Pakistan.
(AFP, 28 May 98)
Peru
In a press release by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Peru denounced Pakistan's five nuclear tests as a danger to international security. "The nuclear tests have a direct relationship with the proliferation of nuclear weapons and therefore represent a real danger for international security," the statement said. The statement also urged India and Pakistan to begin emergency multilateral disarmament negotiations and for the creation of a nuclear-weapon-free zone like that established in Latin America with the Treaty of Tlatelolco. Peru condemned India's nuclear tests earlier in May.
(Notimex, 29 May 98)
Russia
The Russian Foreign Ministry expressed "the deepest regret and concern" about the Pakistani nuclear tests which were carried out that same day. The statement said, "it is deplorable that the Pakistani leadership has been unable to cope with its emotions and to demonstrate circumspection and common sense at what is an extremely important moment." The Foreign Ministry pointed out that Pakistan conducted its tests "despite persistent appeals by the international community to Islamabad to show restraint and not to act on the basis of the tit for tat principle in response to [the] nuclear explosions carried out by India on May 11 and 13." The statement reiterated Russia's support for the global nonproliferation regime, and urged both Pakistan and India to "listen to the voice of the world community, give up further tests," and sight both the 1968 Treaty on Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons and the 1996 Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty.
(Interfax, 28 May 98)
South Africa
In a statement, the Foreign Ministry said the government "noted with deep concern" Pakistan's nuclear tests. The statement added that South Africa "opposes all nuclear tests since they do not contribute to promoting world peace and security." Moreover, "South Africa believes that security is provided by nuclear disarmament rather than by nuclear proliferation." The government "repeats the hope that these tests do not result in an arms race in South Asia."
(CNN, 28 May 98; Dawn, 28 May 98)
South Korea
Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade spokesman Lee Ho-jin conveyed extreme disappointment and deep regret over Pakistan's nuclear tests on 28 May 1998. "We strongly urge both countries of India and Pakistan to declare suspension of any further nuclear testing as well as the nuclear weapons development program and join without delay the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) and the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT)," Lee said.
(KPS, 29 May 98)
Sweden
Commerce Minister Leif Pagrotsky told parliament in Stockholm that Sweden will immediately suspend all weapons sales to Pakistan. "We will honour existing contracts, but we will not go ahead with any future weapons exports," he said.
(The Australian, 28 May 98; Dawn, 28 May 98)
Switzerland
The Swiss government announced that it would halt all new development projects with Pakistan following its five nuclear tests, the same measures that it took against India after its nuclear detonations. As with India, foreign affairs ministry spokeswoman Yasmine Chatila said her government would look at whether to give Pakistan access to multilateral credits and under what conditions. The Swiss ambassador to Pakistan called on Islamabad to adhere to the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty as quickly as possible.
(AFP, 28 May 98)
Ukraine
The Ukrainian Foreign Ministry condemned Pakistan for conducting its nuclear tests despite international efforts to convince Islamabad not to follow India's example. The ministry said in a statement that as a result of the Pakistani tests, �a dangerous basis for the further proliferation of nuclear weapons has been created.� Ukraine called on both India and Pakistan to �exercise restraint� in their bilateral relationship �which would correspond to the interests of peace and stability in South Asia and the entire world.� The statement also declared that the actions of India and Pakistan �have demonstrated the ineffectiveness of the existing mechanisms for controlling the proliferation of nuclear weapons and the urgent need to seriously overhaul them.� The statement called on the UN Security Council to hold a session examining the situation in South Asia following the nuclear tests.
(Interfax, 29 May 98)
Speaking after a meeting in Bonn with German Chancellor Helmut Kohl, Ukrainian President Leonid Kuchma said that �the international community should not only note the events, but should also take a series of economic and political measures� in response to the Pakistani tests. Indicating that he does not believe nuclear weapons are a useful means of bolstering national security, Kuchma emphasized that �in a nuclear war, there will be no victors.� He pointed out, however, that despite the Pakistani tests, Ukraine still planned to complete delivery to Pakistan of 320 T-80UM main battle tanks under the terms of a 1996 contract.
(Interfax, 29 May 98)
United Kingdom
British Foreign Secretary said Britain was "dismayed" by Pakistan's five nuclear tests.
(Sunday Times, 28 May 98)
British Foreign Secretary Robin Cook, in responding to Pakistan's nuclear tests on 28 May 1998 said: "We urge Pakistan and India to engage in a dialogue which addresses the root causes of the tension between them, and try to build confidence, rather than seek confrontation." Cook also indicated that his government would pressure both India and Pakistan to sign the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty and the Non-Proliferation Treaty, and attempt to coordinate sanctions against Pakistan in the European Union, which Britain currently holds the presidency of.
(Telegraph, 29 May 98)
Foreign Secretary Robin Cook said the 30 May test does "nothing to enhance Pakistan's security environment. They further escalates tensions and heightens concerns about an arms race in South Asia." Britain charged Pakistan of defying the world and kindling regional tensions by carrying out a sixth nuclear test on 30 May 1998. "In carrying out these further tests, Pakistan has acted in flagrant disregard of international opinion," Cook said.
(CNN, 30 May 98; Infoseek News Channel, 30 May 1998)
In a statement to parliament, Foreign Secretary Robin Cook said both South Asian countries should "stop testing and start talking." "There needs to be a meaningful dialogue between India and Pakistan over the issues that at present threaten stability in the region." Cook said. He added, however, that "their security would be much better promoted by confidence-building measures than by nuclear testing programmes."
(Reuters, 1 June 98)
United Nations
Secretary General Kofi Annan deplored Pakistan's nuclear tests. "I deplore both the Indian and Pakistani tests. They exacerbate tension in an already difficult relationship." In a separate statement, Annan called on both sides to cease from "mutual accusations, which could further inflame the tense situation," and he repeated his call for both sides to sign the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty and to affirm a "no first use" pledge. In addition, Annan took the opportunity to reiterate the "availability of his good offices" as a neutral negotiation site.
(AFP, 28 May 98)
The United Nations Security Council condemned Pakistan's five nuclear tests. "The council strongly deplores the underground nuclear tests conducted by Pakistan despite international calls for restraint," said a statement from Kenya's Njugumu Moses Mahugu, president of the 15-member council.
(AFP, 28 May 98)
The UN Security Council chastised Pakistan for its sixth nuclear test on 30 May 1998. Japan called an emergency session of the council to propose a joint resolution, which it, Sweden, and Costa Rica drafted to continue to pressure Pakistan and India. After the closed-door meeting, Council President Njugumu Moses Mahugu of Kenya said the 15-member board "deeply deplored" Pakistan's actions. The council also called on Pakistan's government to publicly declare a moratorium on nuclear tests and delivery systems tests. Secretary General Kofi Annan also again condemned Pakistan for its most recent test. In a distinct statement, Annan called Pakistan's test on 30 May 1998 "a further dangerous and senseless escalation of tension" that might lead "to a nuclear arms race with incalculable consequences."
(Reuters, 30 May 98)
United States
At a news conference 28 May 1998, President Bill Clinton condemned Pakistan's nuclear tests saying, "I deplore the decision." He also promised to reprimand Islamabad with the same sanctions the United States has imposed on India. "By failing to exercise restraint in response to the Indian test, Pakistan lost a truly priceless opportunity to strengthen its own security [and] improve its political standing in the world," he said. "Although Pakistan was not the first to test, two wrongs don't make a right." Clinton also urged both Pakistan and India to "renounce further tests, sign the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty, and take decisive steps to reduce tensions in South Asia and reverse the dangerous arms race." US law (the Glen Amendment) requires Clinton to impose sanctions on any nation that detonates a nuclear device. White House officials said the sanctions would include a cancellation of $6 million in US aid and a delay in US backing for international lending to Pakistan.
(CNN, 28 May 98; Reuters, 28 May 98)
President Bill Clinton condemned Pakistan for conducting a sixth underground nuclear test. He said, "with their recent tests, Pakistan and India are contributing to a self-defeating cycle of escalation that does not add to the security of either nation." "Both India and Pakistan need to renounce further nuclear and missile testing immediately and take decisive steps to reverse this dangerous arms race," Clinton said. Clinton also signed off on economic sanctions against Pakistan that prohibited billions of dollars in loans from multilateral institutions.
(Infoseek News Channel, 30 May 1998)
CNS - World Reaction to the Pakistani Nuclear Tests
The Egyptian-based Arab organization denounced Pakistan's nuclear tests calling them a "dangerous" step toward an arms race.
(CNN, 28 May 98)
Argentina
Director of the Division of International Security and Nuclear and Space Affairs Pedro Villagra Delgado said: "We lament Pakistan's tests because they generate a nuclear arms race that is not compatible with world peace and security. Thus, we urge Pakistan to subscribe to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty and the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty." Villagra also took the opportunity to note concern regarding Argentina's nuclear relations with Brazil in the 1970s, and pointed out that circumstances changed. "Now we have a bilateral control agency and we (Brazil and Argentina) are supervised by the IAEA. In addition, we have an agreement of full-scope safeguards." At the same time Villagra remained skeptical that the Mercosur experience might be useful in addressing the situation between India and Pakistan. "I do not know if there are conditions for such a process because they have a history of confrontations that we do not have with the Brazilians." Villagra also warned that Pakistan and India should consider the situation because it "can end in something that neither of the two countries will be able to control."
(Clarin, 29 May 98)
Australia
Australian Foreign Minister Alexander Downer deeply regretted Pakistan's five nuclear tests and added that sanctions would be levied within hours. "I strongly condemn the nuclear tests conducted by Pakistan today [28 May 1998]. As with the tests conducted by India, Pakistan's actions have serious implications for global and regional security and fly in the face of the international norm against nuclear weapons testing." Pakistan rejected Australia's offer to almost double its aid to A$5 million (US$1.61 million) if Islamabad did not carry out any nuclear tests. Downer said that he expected the sanctions imposed on Pakistan would be similar to those placed on India. These would include the retraction of all nonhumanitarian aid and defense and cultural ties and the possible withdrawal of the High Commissioner for consultations.
(The Australian, 28 May 98; Reuters)
Australia said it deplored Pakistan's sixth nuclear test adding that it only compounded the international outrage expressed when Pakistan conducted its first nuclear tests on 28 May 1998.
(Infoseek News Channel, 30 May 98)
Brazil
The Brazilian government said it "deplores" Pakistan's decision to carry out its nuclear tests. It expressed its conviction that Pakistan and India's nuclear tests put at risk the nuclear nonproliferation regime, whose "integrity is an indispensable condition for the maintenance of peace and international security." Moreover, it said that it was "deeply disappointed" that Pakistan did not heed the appeals of the international community to act with restraint following India's five nuclear tests earlier this month. The government also urged Pakistan to join the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty, an important step toward nuclear disarmament, a goal to which Brazil is firmly committed. In addition, the government expressed concern over a possible arms race with India, and encouraged both sides to exercise restraint.
(Ministry of Foreign Relations, 28 May 98)
Canada
Prime Minister Jean Chretien expressed dismay following Pakistan's five nuclear tests. In an official statement Chretien promised that bilateral relations with Pakistan "would now be placed on hold," and said that the foreign ministry would announce further measures later 28 May 1998.
(AFP, 28 May 98; Dawn, 28 May 98)
China
"China expresses its deep regret over Pakistan's nuclear test today," Chinese Foreign Minister Zhu Bangzao said. "China has always advocated the complete prohibition and thorough destruction of nuclear weapons and is opposed to any form of nuclear weapon proliferation." Zhu also said China is "deeply worried about this and feels uneasy about the present nuclear race in South Asia." He then urged both Pakistan and India to use "the utmost restraint" and to immediately cease their nuclear weapons programs so as to not further jeopardize the peace and stability of the region.
(Lateline News, 28 May 98; Xinhua, 28 May 98)
On 29 May 1998, the Associated Press reported that Chinese President Jiang Zemin had made an "unusual step." Jiang sent a letter to Pakistani officials pleading with them not to conduct nuclear tests, at the request of US President Bill Clinton. The Chinese Foreign Ministry declined to comment on the letter. According to CNN, China's public statements have been "diluted" due to its empathy for Pakistan's position.
(CNN, 29 May 98)
A Foreign Ministry statement following Pakistan's sixth nuclear test said, "[China] expresses deep regret that Pakistan has conducted nuclear tests once again and are deeply worried and disturbed by the current nuclear arms race in South Asia. We solemnly appeal to Pakistan and India to exercise maximum restraint." In addition, China implored both countries to "immediately renounce their nuclear weapon development programs and prevent the situation from worsening so as to contribute to the peace and security of the South Asia region." Moreover, China added its support to creating a nuclear-weapon-free zone in South Asia, and encouraged the international community to do the same.
(Infoseek News Channel, 30 May 98)
Egypt
In reaction to Pakistan's nuclear tests on 28 May 1998, the Egyptian government used the opportunity to sell the idea of a nuclear-weapon-free zone in the Middle East and implored Israel to sign the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty. Egyptian Foreign Minister Amr Moussa said "This (nuclear test) places the region of South Asia in a special position in view of the presence of two nuclear powers in it. Rendering the Middle East a region free from nuclear weapons is now a must for maintaining regional security."
(Xinhua, 28 May 98)
European Union
The European Union said that its 15 member-states "will be urgently considering" sanctions against Pakistan similar to the ones already announced against India.
(CNN, 28 May 98)
France
In an official statement on 28 May 1998, the French Foreign Ministry denounced Pakistan's five nuclear tests. "France regrets that Pakistan did not heed the calls for restraint. These tests go against the grain of world efforts against nuclear proliferation," the statement said.
(AFP, 28 May 98; Dawn, 28 May 98)
The French Foreign Ministry said that the tests "fly in the face of worldwide efforts against nuclear proliferation and for an end to testing."
(CNN, 28 May 98)
Following Pakistan's sixth test, President Jacques Chirac proposed a summit of "the seven or eight powers with the capability to do something" to convince India and Pakistan to sign the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty and join the negotiations at the Conference on Disarmament on the fissile material cutoff treaty. According to the "Washington Post," Chirac presumably meant the five permanent members of the UN Security Council plus Japan and Germany as mediators in his proposed summit conference. According to Chirac's plan, the "seven or eight powers" would discuss among themselves first their objectives, "then India and Pakistan could join the talks . . . and we could all work together to save the Non-Proliferation Treaty, which must be saved," Chirac said.
(Washington Post, 30 May 98)
President Jacques Chirac implored India and Pakistan to abstain from further nuclear testing and defuse tensions in South Asia. "We have already condemned these . . . tests because they represent a double danger, on the one hand for the strategic balance of this part of the world, Asia, and on the other for the very survival of the system of non-proliferation." He also added that, "France, for her part, has started a dialogue with the two protagonists, India and Pakistan, and also with the whole international community."
(CNN, 1 June 98; Reuters, 1 June 98)
G-8
British Foreign Secretary Robin Cook, speaking for the G-8 said: "In carrying out these further tests, Pakistan had acted in flagrant disregard of international opinion. The tests do nothing to enhance Pakistan's security environment. They further escalate tension and heighten concerns about an arms race in South Asia. The international community is united in its insistence that Pakistan should refrain from further tests." Cook also said, "our approach to Pakistan and India in light of the nuclear tests, will consider in particular how we can most effectively bring both of them within the global non-proliferation regime and encourage them to address the roots of the tension between them." Foreign ministers of the G-8 will meet in London on 12 June to coordinate their approach to Pakistan and India. The British Foreign Secretary will preside at the meeting, since Britain is the current president of the European Union.
(Daily Hot News World, 30 May 98)
Germany
German Foreign Minister Klaus Kinkel condemned Pakistan's five nuclear tests 28 May 1998 and called on both India and Pakistan to avoid escalation. Cooperation and Development Minister Carl-Dieter also called off bilateral talks scheduled for June with Pakistan essentially freezing DM70 million ($42 million) in aid.
(Dawn, 28 May 98)
Foreign Minister Klaus Kinkel said in response to Pakistan's nuclear detonations that it was calling off its talks on economic development, but that it would not go so far as to back EU sanctions. "The nuclear genie has escaped from the bottle again. Imposing sanctions cannot put it back in again," Kinkel said.
(CNN, 28 May 98)
Foreign Minister Klaus Kinkel condemned Pakistan's latest test and urged the UN Security Council to meet immediately to try to stop "the crazy escalation" in South Asia.
(BBC, 30 May 98)
Hungary
The Hungarian Foreign Ministry noted the Pakistani nuclear tests "with regret."
(CNN, 28 May 98)
India
News of Pakistan's nuclear tests reached India during a heated debate in India's parliament concerning the wisdom of India's nuclear tests. Indian Prime Minister Vajpayee and Interior Minster Lal Krishna rushed out of the parliamentary chamber when opposition leaders, who were heatedly debating India's tests, rose to their feet in anger after hearing about Pakistan's nuclear tests. Communist Party of India-Marxist leader Somnath Chatterjee said: "It is a nuclear arms race that you [speaking to Vajpayee and his government] have started in this region." Later, former Prime Ministers I.K. Gujral and H.D. Deve Gowda said that Pakistan's tests were a reaction to India's tests. Former Defense Minister and president of the Samajweadi party Mulayam Singh Yadav condemned the BJP-led government for "provoking" Pakistan's tests. The leader of the opposition in the Lok Sabha (India's Lower House) told the press, "I fear a nuclear race between India and Pakistan which cannot be the priorities of the two countries." Others supporting the BJP said the tests were to be "expected." India's chief of the army staff General V.P. Malik said that the "nuclear explosions conducted by Pakistan have not come as a surprise to India." Malik also said, "We are no more a soft state and we are not a push-over when it comes to national security concerns." "A situation of symmetry has finally been established among the country's neighbors now. If there was any ambiguity earlier about Pakistan's nuclear capability, it no longer exists. Now it is known to the world and it is better this way," he added.
(IRNA, 28 May 98; Reuters, 28 May 98)
On 28 May, after Pakistan detonated its nuclear tests, Prime Minister Atal Behari Vajpayee said India had "anticipated" Pakistan's tests before India set off its own nuclear tests on 11 May. "We knew much before 11 May that Pakistan would conduct the test," he said. Moreover, Vajpayee asserted after an emergency meeting with his advisers that "India is ready to meet any challenge." Also, the External Affairs Ministry said in a press release that Pakistan was now in possession of "nuclear weapons" and urged the world to now "reassess" its view that India's tests were unprovoked. "The (Indian) government has taken all steps necessary for safeguarding the nation's security," said a ministry spokesman.
(IRNA, 28 May 98; Reuters, 28 May 98)
The Foreign Ministry said that Pakistan's nuclear tests "confirmed what has been known all along � that the country has been in possession of nuclear weapons," it said in an official statement. "This event vindicates our assessment and our policies as well as the measures that have been taken. We expect those who disagreed with us will reassess their stand," it added. The Indian ministry also added that India continues to take those steps necessary for its security.
(AFP, 28 May 98; Dawn 28 May 98)
Prime Minister Atal Behari Vajpayee said that the detonation of nuclear devises by neighboring Pakistan could lead him to reconsider India's vow not test its own nuclear devices again. "A new situation has come up and it will be taken into account in formulating our policy," he said when a reporter asked him whether India would abide by its declared moratorium on tests. Vajpayee also said he is still committed to his no-first-use policy of nuclear weapons.
(CNN, 28 May 98)
Prime Minister Atal Behari Vajpayee said during a televised parliamentary debate over India's nuclear policies that Pakistan's nuclear tests "vindicated" India's decision to detonate its own nuclear devices two weeks earlier.
(The Australian, 29 May 98)
The Foreign Ministry said that it was not surprised by Pakistan's sixth nuclear test on 30 May 1998. The ministry repeated India's proposal for a "no first use" pact and reiterated its call for peace and security in South Asia.
(Infoseek News Channel, 30 May 98)
Iran
Iranian Foreign Ministry spokesman Mahmoud Mohammadi said on state television, "Iran follows with deep concern the crisis created after the recent nuclear tests [in Pakistan on 28 May 1998]. The Islamic Republic of Iran calls on Pakistan and India to promptly cease all tests and stop the nuclear race and join the [Nuclear] Non-Proliferation Treaty." The Iranian government also took the opportunity to push the idea of a nuclear-weapon-free zone in the Middle East. "The recent developments once again point to the necessity of giving serious attention to setting us nuclear-free zones, especially in the sensitive Middle East region, which is under the threat of Israel's nuclear arsenal," Mohammadi said. President Mohammad Khatami told Pakistani Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif the week before the tests that he understood Pakistan's security concerns after India's nuclear tests son 11 and 13 May, but he urged Islamabad to exercise restraint.
(Reuters, 29 May 98)
Iranian Foreign Minister Kamal Kharrazi said that Muslims throughout the world will feel more confident now that Pakistan has nuclear weapons because it will help balance Israel's nuclear capability.
(BBC, 30 May 98)
Italy
Prime Minister Romano Prodi said he felt "deep regret and great concern" when he heard of Pakistan's nuclear tests 28 May 1998. He warned that bilateral relations between Rome and Islamabad would be affected. These tests "cannot but be condemned with the same force as those carried out by India, and cannot but have repercussions on Italy's bilateral and multilateral ties with these countries," Prodi said in a statement.
(AFP, 28 May 98)
Japan
The government called Pakistan's nuclear tests "extremely deplorable." In response to Pakistan's actions Chief Cabinet Secretary Canes Muraoka said: "The government for its part has immediately started considering taking proper action against Pakistan." In addition, Japan's Foreign Minister Keizo Obuchi summoned Pakistan's charge d'affaires, D.S. Kureshi, to place a protest against the Pakistani government, said Muraoka. Japan, which has suspended new loans and grants to India in protest to its nuclear tests two weeks ago, might impose similar ones on Pakistan. Japan is the largest source of foreign aid for both India and Pakistan.
(Dawn, 28 May 98)
The government is considering recalling its ambassador to Pakistan in the wake of that country�s sixth nuclear test on 30 May 98.
(CNN, 30 May 98)
NATO
In a joint statement drafted during the NATO foreign ministers meeting in Luxembourg 28 May 1998, NATO and Russia joined forces in deploring Pakistan's nuclear tests saying they were "deeply concerned and dismayed by the developing regional nuclear arms race." The joint statement also said: "The relations of India and Pakistan with each of us have been affected negatively by these developments." NATO spokesman Jamie Shea said that by not heeding Western pleas for restraint Pakistan is "exposing itself to sanctions which it can ill afford."
(Reuters, 28 May 98)
NATO Secretary General Javier Solana said following Pakistan's nuclear tests: "We strongly condemn both Pakistan and India's nuclear tests, which have profound implications for the security of the region and beyond." In speaking for the alliance, he also urged Pakistan and India to "exercise maximum restraint." Other NATO officials said that Pakistan now risks "rigorous sanctions" similar to those placed on India.
(New York Times, 28 May 98; Reuters, 28 May 98)
The Netherlands
The Dutch government announced it would freeze all economic aid and ban all arms deliveries to Pakistan as a result of its nuclear tests on 28 May 1998. These sanctions are the same as those it imposed on India earlier this month. Foreign Minister Hans Van Mierlo said his country was "profoundly unhappy" with Pakistan's tests that could "further fuel an ominous weapons race" in the region. "The tests, while not totally unexpected, constitute a menace for stability in South Asia," Van Mierlo added. In addition, the foreign minister called on the five nuclear powers "to quell this nuclear proliferation." Dutch International Aid Minister also said that his government would halve its G60 million ($30 million) humanitarian aid package to Pakistan.
(AFP, 28 May 98)
Peru
In a press release by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Peru denounced Pakistan's five nuclear tests as a danger to international security. "The nuclear tests have a direct relationship with the proliferation of nuclear weapons and therefore represent a real danger for international security," the statement said. The statement also urged India and Pakistan to begin emergency multilateral disarmament negotiations and for the creation of a nuclear-weapon-free zone like that established in Latin America with the Treaty of Tlatelolco. Peru condemned India's nuclear tests earlier in May.
(Notimex, 29 May 98)
Russia
The Russian Foreign Ministry expressed "the deepest regret and concern" about the Pakistani nuclear tests which were carried out that same day. The statement said, "it is deplorable that the Pakistani leadership has been unable to cope with its emotions and to demonstrate circumspection and common sense at what is an extremely important moment." The Foreign Ministry pointed out that Pakistan conducted its tests "despite persistent appeals by the international community to Islamabad to show restraint and not to act on the basis of the tit for tat principle in response to [the] nuclear explosions carried out by India on May 11 and 13." The statement reiterated Russia's support for the global nonproliferation regime, and urged both Pakistan and India to "listen to the voice of the world community, give up further tests," and sight both the 1968 Treaty on Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons and the 1996 Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty.
(Interfax, 28 May 98)
South Africa
In a statement, the Foreign Ministry said the government "noted with deep concern" Pakistan's nuclear tests. The statement added that South Africa "opposes all nuclear tests since they do not contribute to promoting world peace and security." Moreover, "South Africa believes that security is provided by nuclear disarmament rather than by nuclear proliferation." The government "repeats the hope that these tests do not result in an arms race in South Asia."
(CNN, 28 May 98; Dawn, 28 May 98)
South Korea
Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade spokesman Lee Ho-jin conveyed extreme disappointment and deep regret over Pakistan's nuclear tests on 28 May 1998. "We strongly urge both countries of India and Pakistan to declare suspension of any further nuclear testing as well as the nuclear weapons development program and join without delay the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) and the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT)," Lee said.
(KPS, 29 May 98)
Sweden
Commerce Minister Leif Pagrotsky told parliament in Stockholm that Sweden will immediately suspend all weapons sales to Pakistan. "We will honour existing contracts, but we will not go ahead with any future weapons exports," he said.
(The Australian, 28 May 98; Dawn, 28 May 98)
Switzerland
The Swiss government announced that it would halt all new development projects with Pakistan following its five nuclear tests, the same measures that it took against India after its nuclear detonations. As with India, foreign affairs ministry spokeswoman Yasmine Chatila said her government would look at whether to give Pakistan access to multilateral credits and under what conditions. The Swiss ambassador to Pakistan called on Islamabad to adhere to the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty as quickly as possible.
(AFP, 28 May 98)
Ukraine
The Ukrainian Foreign Ministry condemned Pakistan for conducting its nuclear tests despite international efforts to convince Islamabad not to follow India's example. The ministry said in a statement that as a result of the Pakistani tests, �a dangerous basis for the further proliferation of nuclear weapons has been created.� Ukraine called on both India and Pakistan to �exercise restraint� in their bilateral relationship �which would correspond to the interests of peace and stability in South Asia and the entire world.� The statement also declared that the actions of India and Pakistan �have demonstrated the ineffectiveness of the existing mechanisms for controlling the proliferation of nuclear weapons and the urgent need to seriously overhaul them.� The statement called on the UN Security Council to hold a session examining the situation in South Asia following the nuclear tests.
(Interfax, 29 May 98)
Speaking after a meeting in Bonn with German Chancellor Helmut Kohl, Ukrainian President Leonid Kuchma said that �the international community should not only note the events, but should also take a series of economic and political measures� in response to the Pakistani tests. Indicating that he does not believe nuclear weapons are a useful means of bolstering national security, Kuchma emphasized that �in a nuclear war, there will be no victors.� He pointed out, however, that despite the Pakistani tests, Ukraine still planned to complete delivery to Pakistan of 320 T-80UM main battle tanks under the terms of a 1996 contract.
(Interfax, 29 May 98)
United Kingdom
British Foreign Secretary said Britain was "dismayed" by Pakistan's five nuclear tests.
(Sunday Times, 28 May 98)
British Foreign Secretary Robin Cook, in responding to Pakistan's nuclear tests on 28 May 1998 said: "We urge Pakistan and India to engage in a dialogue which addresses the root causes of the tension between them, and try to build confidence, rather than seek confrontation." Cook also indicated that his government would pressure both India and Pakistan to sign the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty and the Non-Proliferation Treaty, and attempt to coordinate sanctions against Pakistan in the European Union, which Britain currently holds the presidency of.
(Telegraph, 29 May 98)
Foreign Secretary Robin Cook said the 30 May test does "nothing to enhance Pakistan's security environment. They further escalates tensions and heightens concerns about an arms race in South Asia." Britain charged Pakistan of defying the world and kindling regional tensions by carrying out a sixth nuclear test on 30 May 1998. "In carrying out these further tests, Pakistan has acted in flagrant disregard of international opinion," Cook said.
(CNN, 30 May 98; Infoseek News Channel, 30 May 1998)
In a statement to parliament, Foreign Secretary Robin Cook said both South Asian countries should "stop testing and start talking." "There needs to be a meaningful dialogue between India and Pakistan over the issues that at present threaten stability in the region." Cook said. He added, however, that "their security would be much better promoted by confidence-building measures than by nuclear testing programmes."
(Reuters, 1 June 98)
United Nations
Secretary General Kofi Annan deplored Pakistan's nuclear tests. "I deplore both the Indian and Pakistani tests. They exacerbate tension in an already difficult relationship." In a separate statement, Annan called on both sides to cease from "mutual accusations, which could further inflame the tense situation," and he repeated his call for both sides to sign the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty and to affirm a "no first use" pledge. In addition, Annan took the opportunity to reiterate the "availability of his good offices" as a neutral negotiation site.
(AFP, 28 May 98)
The United Nations Security Council condemned Pakistan's five nuclear tests. "The council strongly deplores the underground nuclear tests conducted by Pakistan despite international calls for restraint," said a statement from Kenya's Njugumu Moses Mahugu, president of the 15-member council.
(AFP, 28 May 98)
The UN Security Council chastised Pakistan for its sixth nuclear test on 30 May 1998. Japan called an emergency session of the council to propose a joint resolution, which it, Sweden, and Costa Rica drafted to continue to pressure Pakistan and India. After the closed-door meeting, Council President Njugumu Moses Mahugu of Kenya said the 15-member board "deeply deplored" Pakistan's actions. The council also called on Pakistan's government to publicly declare a moratorium on nuclear tests and delivery systems tests. Secretary General Kofi Annan also again condemned Pakistan for its most recent test. In a distinct statement, Annan called Pakistan's test on 30 May 1998 "a further dangerous and senseless escalation of tension" that might lead "to a nuclear arms race with incalculable consequences."
(Reuters, 30 May 98)
United States
At a news conference 28 May 1998, President Bill Clinton condemned Pakistan's nuclear tests saying, "I deplore the decision." He also promised to reprimand Islamabad with the same sanctions the United States has imposed on India. "By failing to exercise restraint in response to the Indian test, Pakistan lost a truly priceless opportunity to strengthen its own security [and] improve its political standing in the world," he said. "Although Pakistan was not the first to test, two wrongs don't make a right." Clinton also urged both Pakistan and India to "renounce further tests, sign the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty, and take decisive steps to reduce tensions in South Asia and reverse the dangerous arms race." US law (the Glen Amendment) requires Clinton to impose sanctions on any nation that detonates a nuclear device. White House officials said the sanctions would include a cancellation of $6 million in US aid and a delay in US backing for international lending to Pakistan.
(CNN, 28 May 98; Reuters, 28 May 98)
President Bill Clinton condemned Pakistan for conducting a sixth underground nuclear test. He said, "with their recent tests, Pakistan and India are contributing to a self-defeating cycle of escalation that does not add to the security of either nation." "Both India and Pakistan need to renounce further nuclear and missile testing immediately and take decisive steps to reverse this dangerous arms race," Clinton said. Clinton also signed off on economic sanctions against Pakistan that prohibited billions of dollars in loans from multilateral institutions.
(Infoseek News Channel, 30 May 1998)
CNS - World Reaction to the Pakistani Nuclear Tests
