Ejaz bhai....realy a nice analysis about are strategic interest and problems in middle east ....
but a little out of context question.....how come we have good relations with Iraq[under saddam] and Iran at the same time.??..i mean they were sworn rivals and also during NDA led govt we had asked Iran to represent us in OIC didnt we...??
Thanks neilay, I am actually writing a term paper on India - Persian Gulf countries and their changing security relationships so I can hopefully shed some light on this topic.
To be pedantic, it wasn't at exactly the same time. Iran under Shah was not close to India and was much closer to Pakistan and infact part of the Baghdad Pact and the CENTO alliance. Again keeping the big picture of the Cold War power politics in mind will help in understanding relationships here. So historically speaking, India's ties with Iraq has been the most consistent.
Iran under Shah (until 1979), Pakistan, GCC countries, Jordan, Turkey and Israel all were solidly behind the US. Iraq under Saddam, the Palestinians under PLO, Egypt under Gamal Abdel Nasser(and until 73), Syria, Afghanistan(until 1992) and India under Indira Gandhi all had a soviet tilt or a close security relationship with the USSR.
Infact, while the Israelis and Pakistanis were helping the Shah in Iran in training his Air Force or helping stablishing the Jordanian regime by supressing the leftist PLO (See Black September). India was traininig Iraqi Air Force pilots in the 80s and had security co-operation with Egypt as well until Anwar Sadat's assasination and Husni Mubarak's coming to power and aligining firmly with the US. And ofcourse everyone knows the close relationship between Yasir Arafat the leader of the secular leftist PLO and Indira Gandhi who has said to have literally cried when she was assasinated.
The 80s was a very intersting time, the Shah was over thrown and Ayatollahs came to power in Iran in 79. Soon afterwards, you had the Iran-Iraq war. Now India only had close relationships with Iraq till now. Although there were extensive trade and diaspora ties with GCC countries, they never went more than that. But during this war, almost every single major nation was involved in funding both sides. Kissinger actually said that its a shame that in this war both can't be defeated. The US funded Iraq extensively, this is where you have those infamous pictures of Donal Rumsfeild gifting Saddam and shaking hands with him. Wwhile Israel ironically funded the Iranians. The USSR funded both. A good overview of this is here
Foreign support to Iran and Iraq
Now this war may have been good for the US, USSR or GCC because both were considered threats and both were weakened. But after the 1983 stalemate in the war, both countries started attacking their Oil takers of the others. While the US and USSR could afford to send ships and compet the govt. to not attack their tankers. India was in no position to do so and led to an increasing oil import bill that contributed to the foreign exchange crisis in 1991. Overall, the war and the US, USSR, Israel and GCC countries role in funding it was a strategic disaster for India.
The 80s saw declining Indian influence in Iraq and the Gulf war in 1991 compleately annhilated Iraq's military power (which was 4th largest in the world). As a strategic partner it was pretty much useless and with sanctions, India could hardly build up an economic or security partnership. This is when overtures to Iran were made in PV Rao's govt. who later bacame the first PM to visit Iran. Iran was also in need of friends and diplomatically did a great service by vetoing the UN Human Rights council bill condemning India before it could even reach to it from the OIC group on the Kashmir issue. Had it been passed would have led to sanctions on India as the next step. This is the time of Babri Masjid demolition and widspread Hindu-Muslim tensions when even neutral countries looked at India unfavourably. Pakistan-Iran reached their lowest ebb after that.
India started developing a security relationship with Iran next and that included co-operation in Afghanistan to counter Taliban and in 2003 a formal security co-operation pact was signed. Although Iraq under Saddam was still favourable, it was practically of no use with sanctions and what not. India still wanted to maintain relationship with Saddam and passed a parlimentary resolution opposing US invasion as well. Although lobby groups tried to push NDA-led govt. to send Indian troops to Iraq, Vajpayee fortunately vetoed it. This was across party lines as well as according public opinion polls done at that time by Aditya Sinha if I'm not mistaken. The feeling was mutual from Iraq under Saddam as well.
Iraq prizes ties with India:Saddam Hussein
Vajpayee in 2000s became the second PM to visit Iran and signed comprehensive pacts. High level of co-operation with Iran included Navy exercises as late as 2006. There are even allegations of India helping Iran with its nuclear program as well as submarine maintanance. Not to mention all the economic ties and linking up to Afghanistan and CARs.
Ofcourse, post 2005 there has been the new dynamic of the third important player and probably the most powerful at present -the GCC countries led by UAE and Saudi Arabia- tilting towards India. Most also have large Indian diasporas and that has helped as well as US pushing them towards an alignment with India. And gone are the days of Khatami and Rafsanji in Iran who were moderate and farsighted. We now have right wing ideological leaders like Ahmedinijad who have made it difficult for India to build its realtionship with Iran, particularly after the IAEA votes eventhough India did go at great lengths to mollify Iran and explain its position.
The Persian Gulf region is very important to India and relations with all three power centres - Iran, Iraq and GCC - are equally important and crucial. Particularly, Iran and GCC given that Iraq will take atleast a decade to get back on its feet and have an impact on the region.