"The key priority is how to promote economic prosperity and alleviate poverty, promote greater opportunities for both countries,"
India and the US have been cooperating on global issues such as nuclear security, global warming and terrorism.
CLIMATE The climate is defined as’ the general or average weather conditions of a certain region, including temperature, rainfall, and wind’. The earth’s climate is most affected by latitude, the tilt of the Earth's axis, the movements of the Earth's wind belts, and the difference in temperatures of land and sea, and topography. Human activity, especially relating to actions relating to the depletion of the ozone layer, is also an important factor. The climate system is a complex, interactive system consisting of the atmosphere, land surface, snow and ice, oceans and other bodies of water, and living things.
GREEN HOUSE EFFECT Green House effect is the phenomenon whereby the earth's atmosphere traps solar radiation, and is mediated by the presence in the atmosphere of gases such as carbon dioxide, water vapor, and methane that allow incoming sunlight to pass through, but absorb the heat radiated back from the earth's surface. Thus the Green house gases (GHGs) provide a blanketing effect in the lower strata of the earth’s atmosphere, and this blanketing effect is being enhanced because of the human activities like burning of fossil fuels etc.
GLOBAL WARMING ‘Global warming is defined as an increase in the average temperature of the Earth's atmosphere, especially a sustained increase great enough to cause changes in the global climate’. The term global warming is synonymous with Enhanced green house effect, implying an increase in the amount of green house gases in the earth’s atmosphere, leading to entrapment of more and more solar radiations, and thus increasing the overall temperature of the earth.
EFFECT OF GREEN COMMUNICATIONS
Mobile Devices: We consider three categories of devices accessing the network: regular mobile phones, smartphones, and laptops. Modelling of the footprint of regular mobile phones is based on ―cradle to gate‖ LCA studies of mobile phone manufacturing including the transport to the customers resulting in an average of 18 kg CO2e/device. The operation is estimated to 2 kWh/year based on charging every 60th hour equal to 40 percent of battery capacity every day and a standby scenario of 50 percent of the remaining time.
It must be noted that modern mobile phone chargers have low stand-by power consumption in the order of 0.1 W. According to recent trends, it is reasonable to assume that both the manufacturing and operation emissions remain constant; that is, technological improvements on the component level are used for provision of phones with better performance and more functions.
Radio Access Networks: Concrete figures of the carbon footprint of site manufacturing and construction for the radio access network (RAN) are based on a complete LCA of network equipment. Figures on emissions and energy consumption due to RAN site operation, operator activities, data centre operation, and data transport are based on a broad operator investigation covering networks that service about 40 percent of global subscriptions.
Surveying existing network equipment reveals that annual electricity consumption of new base station sites decreases about 8 percent on average compared to equipment installed the year before due to technological advances.
This average figure is an overall estimate inclusive of all developments in power amplifiers, digital remote and small outdoor RBSs as well as the growing share of 3G base stations. In this regard, the base station model must be seen as an average of the mix of installed product. For predictions until 2020, we assume that the 8 percent/year trend continues over the study period and refer to it as continuous improvements. Under these assumptions and taking into account installation of new and removal of old equipment each year, the global average of base station site power amounts to about 1.7 kW in 2007 and reduces to about 1.2 kW in 2020. The study further assumes a roll-out model assuming between 600,000 and 675,000 sites newly deployed, and up to 300,000 sites taken out of service each year
ENERGY CONSUMPTION PROBLEMS in wireless works and describes network energy saving techniques proposed for the LTE system. It is identified that the common energy consumption problem in an RBS of a wireless access system is the energy scaling traffic load problem. This problem can be tackled by solutions from the time, frequency, and spatial domains. As most solutions only focus on a single RBS, we believe the most promising solutions are those that apply hybrid techniques cross multiple systems/networks. The energy saving problem cross multiple systems/networks is less understood.