Tibetan PM for resumption of talks with China

[huaxia rox]

Tibetan PM for resumption of talks with China - The Times of India

DHARAMSALA: Tibetan Prime Minister-in-exile Lobsang Sangay on Wednesday again insisted on early resumption of dialogue with China on the Tibet issue, but he blamed Beijing for igniting self-immolation protests in the country.

"We are committed to the middle-way approach and the dialogue process to resolve the Tibet issue on the basis of mutual benefit," the elected head of the Central Tibetan Administration said here on completion of a year in office.

He said the Tibetan Task Force on negotiations had met twice in the last eight months and would meet again in December to continue the dialogue process with the new Chinese leadership.

"Prominent leaders, including the US secretary of state Hillary Clinton, called on the Chinese government to continue a serious dialogue on the issue of Tibet," said Sangay, who recently returned from the United States after meeting senior Obama administration officials including under secretary of state Maria Otero.

The 43-year-old Sangay, who is educated at Harvard, took over the reins of the exile government from 74-year-old monk scholar Samdhong Rinpoche, who held the post for the past 10 years but was overshadowed by the Dalai Lama.

With the Dalai Lama stepping down from diplomacy and active politics, the prime minister's post has acquired added stature.

Expressing anguish over the spate of self-immolation incidents in Tibet, the prime minister asked the Tibetans to refrain from such drastic form of protest.

"We hold the repressive policies of the Chinese government solely responsible for this tragic turn of events."

A string of self-immolations took place in provinces of Sichuan and Qinghai bordering Tibet in the past year to press for return of the Dalai Lama to Tibet and restoration of freedom for Tibetans inside Tibet.

As many as 46 people have reportedly killed themselves since March 2011.

Sangay, who has never set his foot in Tibet, reiterated that the Tibetan cabinet would ensure the return of the Dalai Lama to Tibet, reunite the people and restore freedom in Tibet.

 

[Ray]

Indeed, the leaders should talk and give Tibet its autonomous status.

But whenever the Tibetan want autonomous status, it is declared as being 'splittist'

If China had not taken such a view and given autonomy, then the problem would have been solved eons ago!

 

[badguy2000]

Indeed, the leaders should talk and give Tibet its autonomous status.

But whenever the Tibetan want autonomous status, it is declared as being 'splittist'

If China had not taken such a view and given autonomy, then the problem would have been solved eons ago!

in fact, the "leaders" you called want several million Hans,Huis and Mongols in Qinghai,Sichuan ,Yunnan and Gansu to accept the rule of Tibetans,under the name of "a autonomous Tibet',although those several million Hans,Huis and Mongols have lived in Tibet for hundreds of years.


Obviously, those several million Hans,Huis and Mongols would nevery accept it.

 

[Ray]

in fact, the "leaders" you called want several million Hans,Huis and Mongols in Qinghai,Sichuan ,Yunnan and Gansu to accept the rule of Tibetans,under the name of "a autonomous Tibet',although those several million Hans,Huis and Mongols have lived in Tibet for hundreds of years.


Obviously, those several million Hans,Huis and Mongols would nevery accept it.

The change of demography in Tibet and Xinjiang is a recent phenomenon.

Hans naturally will not accept, but the others too are fed up.

Check Mongolia Inner.

 

[desicanuk]

in fact, the "leaders" you called want several million Hans,Huis and Mongols in Qinghai,Sichuan ,Yunnan and Gansu to accept the rule of Tibetans,under the name of "a autonomous Tibet',although those several million Hans,Huis and Mongols have lived in Tibet for hundreds of years.


Obviously, those several million Hans,Huis and Mongols would nevery accept it.

It is a well known fact that PRC has been very busy altering the demographics of Tibet and East Turkmenistan ever since its illegal occupation.Beijing's
efforts in emulating 19th century European colonialism will fail miserably.

 

[no smoking]

The change of demography in Tibet and Xinjiang is a recent phenomenon.

Hans naturally will not accept, but the others too are fed up.

Check Mongolia Inner.

Obviously, you didn't read his words closely.
He only mention "Qinghai, Sichuan, Yunan and Gansu" not Tibet.
Do you know the history of these area. Obviously not.
In history, these areas were the borders between Tibetan and Hans with some other minorities: such as Hui, Mongol. It is really hard to tell who owns them. But one thing for sure, Tibetan was not the one in most of time.

And tell me what about Mongolia inner. How many Mongoles are seeking "independence" or "autonomous"?

 

[huaxia rox]

It is a well known fact that PRC has been very busy altering the demographics of Tibet and East Turkmenistan ever since its illegal occupation.Beijing's
efforts in emulating 19th century European colonialism will fail miserably.

and actually all the mess now prc needs to clean in terms of tibet is due completely to the colonialism of the uk.....how ever 200 years ago the qing dynasty was pretty weak so brits got their ways but today china has become much more powerful than before and i m not saying the hurdles we need to overcome r few but at least we wont let foreigner invaders to get their dirty hands on tibet that easily again.....

and all the clowns like those who as tibetans even claimming zangnan should belong to india rather than china should just stop dreamming their pipedream.........or just keep dreamming......

 

[Ray]

Obviously, you didn't read his words closely.
He only mention "Qinghai, Sichuan, Yunan and Gansu" not Tibet.
Do you know the history of these area. Obviously not.
In history, these areas were the borders between Tibetan and Hans with some other minorities: such as Hui, Mongol. It is really hard to tell who owns them. But one thing for sure, Tibetan was not the one in most of time.

And tell me what about Mongolia inner. How many Mongoles are seeking "independence" or "autonomous"?

I hope that clears the cobwebs that are there of your understanding Tibetan and Chinese history.

 

[Ray]

Now, to give you a concise history of Inner Mongolia

History

Originally the southern part of Mongolia, Inner Mongolia was settled chiefly by the Tumet and Chahar tribes. From 1530 to 1583, Inner Mongolia was held by Anda (Altan Khan), chief of the Tumets, who harried N China and once besieged Beijing. After his death, Likdan Khan of the Chahars became (c.1605) ruler, but in 1635 he was defeated by the Manchus, who soon annexed Inner Mongolia. Under Manchu rule S Mongolia became known as Inner Mongolia; N Mongolia, conquered by the Manchus at the end of the 17th cent., became known as Outer Mongolia.

Until 1911, Inner Mongolia was only under nominal Chinese rule; however, Chinese settlers in the region soon forced the Mongol tribes into the steppe and arid parts of the region. After the Revolution of 1911, Inner Mongolia became an integral part of the Chinese Republic. In 1928 it was divided among the Chinese provinces of Ningxia, Suiyuan, and Chahar. After the outbreak (1937) of the Sino-Japanese War, the Mongols of Suiyuan and Chahar established the Japanese-controlled state of Mengkiang or Mengjiang, with its capital at Guihua.

The Chinese Communists, after their conquest of Inner Mongolia in 1945, supported the traditional aspirations of the Mongols for autonomy, and in May, 1947, the Inner Mongolian Autonomous Region—with limited powers of self-government within the Communist state—was formally proclaimed. It was the first autonomous region established by the Communist government.

From 1949 to 1956 the area of the region was expanded through the incorporation of the former province of Suiyuan and parts of the provinces of Liaobei, Rehe, Chahar, and Gansu. Extensive boundary changes in 1969, however, considerably reduced the size of the province. The W Ala Shan desert region was given to Gansu and Ningxia Autonomous Region, and the northeast corner, which bordered on Russia, was divided between the Manchurian provinces. Hebei prov. also received a section of Inner Mongolia. These border changes were reversed in 1979, and the region was restored to its former size. Hohhot has been the capital since 1952; from 1947 to 1950 the capital was at Ulanhot (Ulan Hoto), and from 1950 to 1952 it was at Zhangjiakou (Kalgan; now in Hebei prov.).

And here is just one protest and killing Hans.

****************

For the past few years Inner Mongolia has been untroubled by the large-scale ethnic violence that has hit other Chinese frontier regions including Tibet in 2008 and Xinjiang in 2009. When I last visited Inner Mongolia in 2009 the region was enjoying a healthy influx of tourists. Some Chinese tourists like to visit the country's less-developed border areas, and Inner Mongolia was seen as a safer alternative to Tibet or Xinjiang, where some recent protests have ended in attacks on Han Chinese. So far the Inner Mongolia protests have been largely peaceful. But the region's image of as a bastion of calm is surely fading.

Chinese Authorities Try to Limit Protests in Inner Mongolia | World | TIME.com

Remember that we have free access to world news while you may not have the same freedom and so you know not what is happening around in China or the world!

 

[no smoking]

I hope that clears the cobwebs that are there of your understanding Tibetan and Chinese history.

Sorry, what does map tell? Does it prove that those areas in above belongs to Tibetans only? Or does it prove any ethnic location in history?
Can you at least give the source of this map so I can make some further research?

 

[no smoking]

Now, to give you a concise history of Inner Mongolia

History

Originally the southern part of Mongolia, Inner Mongolia was settled chiefly by the Tumet and Chahar tribes. From 1530 to 1583, Inner Mongolia was held by Anda (Altan Khan), chief of the Tumets, who harried N China and once besieged Beijing. After his death, Likdan Khan of the Chahars became (c.1605) ruler, but in 1635 he was defeated by the Manchus, who soon annexed Inner Mongolia. Under Manchu rule S Mongolia became known as Inner Mongolia; N Mongolia, conquered by the Manchus at the end of the 17th cent., became known as Outer Mongolia.

Until 1911, Inner Mongolia was only under nominal Chinese rule; however, Chinese settlers in the region soon forced the Mongol tribes into the steppe and arid parts of the region. After the Revolution of 1911, Inner Mongolia became an integral part of the Chinese Republic. In 1928 it was divided among the Chinese provinces of Ningxia, Suiyuan, and Chahar. After the outbreak (1937) of the Sino-Japanese War, the Mongols of Suiyuan and Chahar established the Japanese-controlled state of Mengkiang or Mengjiang, with its capital at Guihua.

The Chinese Communists, after their conquest of Inner Mongolia in 1945, supported the traditional aspirations of the Mongols for autonomy, and in May, 1947, the Inner Mongolian Autonomous Region—with limited powers of self-government within the Communist state—was formally proclaimed. It was the first autonomous region established by the Communist government.

From 1949 to 1956 the area of the region was expanded through the incorporation of the former province of Suiyuan and parts of the provinces of Liaobei, Rehe, Chahar, and Gansu. Extensive boundary changes in 1969, however, considerably reduced the size of the province. The W Ala Shan desert region was given to Gansu and Ningxia Autonomous Region, and the northeast corner, which bordered on Russia, was divided between the Manchurian provinces. Hebei prov. also received a section of Inner Mongolia. These border changes were reversed in 1979, and the region was restored to its former size. Hohhot has been the capital since 1952; from 1947 to 1950 the capital was at Ulanhot (Ulan Hoto), and from 1950 to 1952 it was at Zhangjiakou (Kalgan; now in Hebei prov.).

And here is just one protest and killing Hans.

****************

For the past few years Inner Mongolia has been untroubled by the large-scale ethnic violence that has hit other Chinese frontier regions including Tibet in 2008 and Xinjiang in 2009. When I last visited Inner Mongolia in 2009 the region was enjoying a healthy influx of tourists. Some Chinese tourists like to visit the country's less-developed border areas, and Inner Mongolia was seen as a safer alternative to Tibet or Xinjiang, where some recent protests have ended in attacks on Han Chinese. So far the Inner Mongolia protests have been largely peaceful. But the region's image of as a bastion of calm is surely fading.

Chinese Authorities Try to Limit Protests in Inner Mongolia | World | TIME.com

Remember that we have free access to world news while you may not have the same freedom and so you know not what is happening around in China or the world!

Well, you need to dig deeper:
In Xingjing, those Uighurs are seeking independence;
In Tiebt, the tibetans are protesting for economoic inequalty and religion;
In Inner mongolia, they are rising against environment problem.

 

[Ray]

Sorry, what does map tell? Does it prove that those areas in above belongs to Tibetans only? Or does it prove any ethnic location in history?
Can you at least give the source of this map so I can make some further research?

Pictures tell a thousand words to those who are not blind!

 

[Ray]

Well, you need to dig deeper:
In Xingjing, those Uighurs are seeking independence;
In Tiebt, the tibetans are protesting for economoic inequalty and religion;
In Inner mongolia, they are rising against environment problem.

The Uighers are against China's policy of 'Systematic Assimilation'. This is what was stated at the The World Uighur Congress in Japan. They accused the Chinese authorities of committing extra-judicial killings, economic exploitation, and destroying Uighur religion, culture, language and values. This is also the grouse of the Tibetans.

I believe that Xinjiang means "new territory.

On Inner Mongolia, here are some excerpts.

Since spring this year (1997), the Chinese Communists have been using variety of propaganda machine to broadcast and comment on Mongol problems and boasted the "great" success of Chinese communism in Inner Mongolia. All these propaganda are aimed at celebrating 50 year anniversary of establishment of Inner Mongolian Autonomous Region. In order to prove that Mongolians and Han Chinese were members of so called 'big family', Chinese propaganda repeatedly telling the beautiful and romantic story of Wang Zhaojun's "friendship" with Mongolians so that to refute those "shameless argument" of "Mongolian splittist".

50 years turmoil in Inner Mongolia

In the early years of P.R.China, in order to gain assistance from Mongol upper class, Chinese communists actively encouraged Mongol people to use own language and writings and trained quite a few number of new local bureaucrats loyal to the communist power. The communists also gain support from young Mongolian intellectuals who believed Chinese was helping Mongol people. Take Ulaankhuu as an example, he was promoted as a 4 star P.L.A general, was chosen as an alternate member of Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party, was assigned as Vice Premier of P.R.China, he was also the head of Inner Mongolian Communist party, Inner Mongolian government and army commander in chief. But in the late 50's, Chinese communist's policy started to change and Mongolian people began to doubt the truth of Chinese communist's "good intention". For the Mongolians, it was the same matter either become a communist or a Chinese. For instance, so called "206 Event" in Jining city in Ulaanchab League was a good example to explain this. During that time, 5 leaflets with the content of against Chinese communists and Chinese minority policy were found all over Inner Mongolia, the leaflets contain the following 5 sections: 1). Resented to the 1962 treaty between China and Mongolia in which two countries border line was formally determined. 2). Demanding the unification of Inner and Outer Mongolia. 3) & 4). Against the control of Chinese Communist Party and Minority policy of People's Republic of China. 5). Pointed out the policy, guiding method and measure of unification of Inner and Outer Mongolia. Finally, the leaflets pouted out: Struggle hard to achieve the goal of unification of Mongolia before July 1, 1966. If this plan is not successful, then try to gain the last victory on July 1 or November 26, 1966. The vice-commander in chief Mr. Tokhtokh of Shiliingol Army District , vice-chairman Tsungdui of Shiliingol League and Attorney General Namjilin Punsag of the Prosecutor's Office of Shliingol league criticized Chinese communist's policy of forcing Mongols to learn Chinese and to accept communist ideology against their own will. As a result, they were all wiped out from the Communist party. "Unification Party" and "The Truth Party" in Eastern Inner Mongolia also announced opposing Great Han Chauvinism and unifying Inner and Outer Mongolia.

In 1954, the 71st provision of Chinese" Constitution" clearly stated: "Minorities have the right to use native language and writings." However, Chinese government thought the multi language policy helped to wide the gap between Han Chinese and minority people. So, in 1957, premier Zhou Enlai administered the "Meeting of Minority Affairs in Tsingtao city", the meeting prohibited usage of Mongolian written language among all minority primary schools. This decision received strong oppose from Mongolian intellectuals, as the result, all those who opposed the decision were suppressed again. Until 1973, Chinese communist changed mind and allowed the usage of native languages and writings.

The Chinese and their descendants who lived in Inner Mongolia for long time never bothered to learn the local languages. It is hard to hide their inner feeling of superiority of local inhabitants from the way they treat the local Mongolian culture. In the cultural revolution, Chinese communist organized political movement to search members of "Inner Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party(IMPRP). The purpose was to wipe out national dignity of Mongolian people, the consequence of this movement was devastating to Mongolians. The range of the searching extended from Inner Mongolia to Xinjiang, Qinghai, Gansu and three provinces of Northeastern China, basically, no Mongols was free of inspection. Nearly 700,000 to 800,000 people were put into the jails , close to a million were connected to IMPRP and killed 50,000 ---- all under the false charge of " local nationalism" or " trying to split up the motherland ". they received inhumane treatment both spiritually and physically. By contrast, we have never heard of a single case where a Chinese has ever been punished for being a Han Chauvinist. Such unfair practices instill a sense of outrage in Mongolians who have to live under Chinese domination. But Mongolians didn't surrender themselves to Chinese communist, all these harsh treatment increased their hatred to the communist system and Chines ruling. That was one of the main reason of subsequent clash between Han and Mongols. The movement stated from Mao Zedong's one word Zhou Enlai's note in replying to his nieces personal mail. Hence, thousands of Mongol's fate was decided by one or two Han Chinese authority's mood. For detail about this story, please refer to my article " The truth about IMPRP event during the Cultural Revolution".

In 1974, when giving his lecture in Inner Mongolian University, the famous Minority specialist Mr. Ya Hanzhang seriously criticized Chinese Communist's Ultra Han Nationalist ideology and national repression policy in Inner Mongolia. His speech received enthusiastic welcome from Mongolian people. Afterwards, Ya Hanzhang's paper was translated to Mongol and spread all over Inner Mongolia, even the Mongol herdsmen in tents heard about the name of Ya Hanzhang. Some Mongols even asked if Mr. Ya was a living Buddha in Chinese Communist. As can be expected, Mr. Ya didn't be able to escape from Communist regime, he was characterized as "counter reaction specialist in nationality theory" and transferred to work as a factory worker in He Nan province.

In the summer of 1981, a large scale student movement exploded in Inner Mongolia, the movement lasted for about 3 months under the leadership of student leader Shobtsood Temtsiltu (Xi Haiming). Students in about 100 colleges and universities from Inner Mongolia, Beijing, Gansu, Qinghai, Xinjiang and Northeastern provinces joined the student movement and organized demonstrations and strikes. The movement received wide and warm support from Mongolian communities. The ignition of the movement was the issuance of Chinese Communist Central Committee's "Number 28" document, in which Chinese Communists decided to immigrate large number of Han population to Inner Mongolia. This movement strongly weakened Chinese communist's control in Inner Mongolia.

In July 1987, Chinese government dumped 4,000 tons of nuclear waste from Germany to Mongolian Gobi Desert, this action encountered severe resistance from Mongolian people. Students from Hohhot city took the street in protesting and push their way into the building of Inner Mongolian People's Government. With no other choice, Inner Mongolian Military district chief commander Tsai Ying ordered troops to suppress the demonstration.

In 1990, there were well organized movement in Inner Mongolia openly challenged the Communist Party rule and demanded independence for Inner Mongolia. The organizers planed to achieve the goal of independence in three process: 1. Spend 2-4 year for advocate; 2. Spend 3-5 years to establish political organization; 3. Complete national independence. This movement was crushed cruelly by Chinese communist in May, 26 leaders were arrested.

In March 1994, there were protests demanding "democratic open election procedure in choosing all level of Inner Mongolian government leaders; free broadcasting and publication; allow Mongolian to publish newspapers; modify provisions in the constitution which discriminate Mongolian people; equality for all nationalities."

In April 1994, 4000 official workers protested the privileges and corruption of government officials. They wrote an appeal to the related government organization requesting: I. Implement necessary steps to stop inflation; II. Stop buying luxurious cars and houses for government officials; III. Immediately pay the salary for retired officials in order to keep their basic living demand; IV. Punish corrupted government official those who abusively used power for personal gain. As reply to the appeal, Inner Mongolian government decided the following: I. The protesters was inspired by some bad element among the government officials and workers. The purpose of these 'bad element' is directed to the Regional Communist Party Committee and Government; II. They intended to create turmoil to destroy Party's work plan and peaceful unity in Inner Mongolia; III. Autonomous Regional Government should implement necessary process including using force to resolve the event.

As the consequence this unfair treatment, the protest was expended to Bao Tou city, Jining city and Hailar city as well, more 4000 official workers including 3700 Chinese Communist Party members in over 120 government organizations involved into the event. It was clear that protest was directed to the Central government. Such event had never happened in 50 years of Communist control in China. Chinese Communist Central government scared to death, as an immediate response, the government first sent Wei Jianxing to Inner Mongolia to investigate the event, later Chinese premier Li Peng also spent 4 days in Hohhot on his way back from Mongolia to resolve the problem. In December 1995, Mr. Hada and other leaders of organization called " Southern Mongolian Democratic Alliance" was arrested. These arrests received strong protest from students and other Mongolian folks, the demonstrators held higher the portrait of Chinggis Khan and sang traditional Mongol songs, protested the cruel Communist control, demanded release of Hada and other prisoners. Afterwards, the demonstrators were dispersed by Chinese paramilitary forces, 27 people were arrested again.

The issue of "Mongolian Independence"

The issue of independence of Mongolia has always been one of the major nationality problems. Chinese communists never admit the historical cause of the problem, they simply accused "Gang of Four" responsible for Mongolian people's suffering and economic disaster. By using this accusation, the Chinese government thought they could cheat all people of China and be repented from their sins.

As a result of Chinese Communist's success in blocking the news from spreading all over China, for long time, majority Chinese people have not been informed very little of Mongolian people. By sending troops, mass immigration of Chinese, abuse of human rights, nuclear test, dumping nuclear waste, taking away the natural wealth and destroying religious tradition and culture, Chinese government harshly oppressed Mongolian people. Although there are quite a number of Chinese pro-democratic scholars who fully understand the Mongolian problem, but unfortunately, because of fear of being addressed as "Han Chinese traitor" or "National betrayer" by Chinese people, very few of them actually stand for truth and speak up for Mongolians. Rather, against their own will of setting up a "democratic" and "free" China, they are helping Chinese government unconsciously in political repression of Mongolian people.

According to Chinese statistical report, they are about 6 million Mongolian people live in China, mainly inhabited in Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region, Qing Hai, Gansu and three provinces in North-Eastern China. Mongolians occupied an area of 1,600,000 square kilometers, which consists of 1/6 of whole Chinese territory. The size is about 40 times that of Taiwan. Although Mongolian people spread over 8 provinces and autonomous region in China, but they basically live in a compact communities. They have their own language and writing, the language is the Mongolian branch of the Altai family, their alphabet is written from top to bottom. Mongolians believe in the Lamaist Buddhism according to the Yellow Faith. In 1949, just before establishment of People's Republic of China, there were more 1,400 temples, over 20,000 Buddhist lamas, but there are very few of them today. There are full of natural resources in Mongolian inhabited area: coal preservation is the number one in China, forestry resource is the number one China, the area of grass land is the number one in China, steel and iron production is the number one in China with annual production of 360,000 tons of steel. Four out of six biggest gold mine are in Inner Mongolia. 80% of whole world's preservation of selenium was in Inner Mongolia. Oil, salt and calcium are the three major industrial products. The military production plants are the biggest in China. Chinese nuclear test site is in Bayangol Mongolian Autonomous Prefecture in Xinjiang. Etc.

So called autonomous regions and autonomous prefectures have no real autonomic power. The " Law of National Autonomous Region" is just a piece of paper, no one has ever seriously implemented it. Central government is the key to communist power, it contradicts with regional autonomy. Similar to the central government in Beijing, in the autonomous region, there are Party Committee, People's Congress and People Consulting Committee etc. Governing organizations. However, all the leading position are hold by Han Chinese cardres. The leadership quality of Chinese communist in Inner Mongolia are very low, corruption is a big problem among these authorities, the lack of basic administrative ability in government organization and know nothing about modern industry. All they know is how to benefit from their own privileged power, alcohol abusing and rape and seduce women. 50 yeas after the establishment of Inner Mongolian Autonomous Region, these "local red army" members treated Mongolian people as if they are lower class animal.

In half of a century, large number of innocent Mongolians were put into prisons as "Local Nationalist" and "separatists", but no single Han Chinese has ever convicted as "Big Han Nationality Chauvinism". This sort of social injustice and corruption of government official was the main cause of Mongolian people's desire of social reform and demand for political independence. Among the regional level government officials, ethnic Mongols consists a very small portion. However, at the time of establishment of Inner Mongolian Autonomous Region, the percentage of Han Chinese officials was very small, now it just the opposite. Vast majority of judges and policemen are Han. Almost 95% of the labor force in iron-steel, oil and mineral industries is Han Chinese. There is basically no Mongols word for military industry. More than 90% of modern constructions were occupied by Han Chinese. Native of the Mongols live on mountains or grasslands share the same dwellings with their herds, where no clean water, no electrical power and no heating system are equipped. After 50 years of Chinese Communist took over, other than sufferings from the Chinese regime, Native of the Mongolian People's living condition has not changed, they are still belong to the poorest class in China. This kind of unfair treatment of Native of the Mongolian people is the basic source of turmoil.

Chinese communist's mass immigration policy has resulted large number of Han Chinese people move to Inner Mongolia. In 1949, the proportion of Han Chinese to Mongol was 1:5 , now it is 4:1. The speed of population transfer and the number of transferred is a record break in Chinese history. The mass immigration policy has resulted serious consequence, since there is no specific policy and law to protect the Native of the Mongolian people's basic rights, Mongolian culture, education and customs are on the verge of distinction.

Another major cause of conflict between Han Chinese settler and the Native of the Mongolian is the mass population transfer policy. In order to facilitate assimilation and control of Mongolian people, Chinese communist widely construct communication system such as highway, railway, bridges, telegraphic system and telephone lines in Inner Mongolia. To protect these facilities, the communist sent heavy army force in to the region.

Under the Chinese communist's nationalistic oppression policy, there are two single directional trend are being implemented, one is the free take away of local natural resources such as mineral resource, oil, coal, iron, wood, gold and animals, the other is the flow of mass Han Chinese immigrant into the Inner Mongolia. The economic plunder and mass immigration has caused great difficulty in local people's daily life. They are furious about the injustice treatment of their natural wealth. Forced by Chinese communist's "Ultra Han Nationalist" control, unequal treatment of Mongols in political, economical and social respect, Mongolian people pointed out the following new demands: "Against nationalist oppression, save Mongolians from distinction, unite all Mongols around the world, independence for Inner Mongolia.", The slogans inspired Mongolian's nationalistic enthusiasm and nationalist confidence. If one carefully observe the situation in Inner Mongolia, one would notice the confection between Han Chinese and Mongols in their way of life, language and religion is getting stronger than ever. A lot of people have already aware of these phenomenon. For example, one Chinese scholar pointed out: "Mongols were one of the strongest nationality who had the same political and military strength with Chinese in the history. For this reason, if Mongols stand up against us, they will definitely bring disastrous consequence to China."

The Spark of Fire in Inner Mongolia

Same as the Chinese historical autocratic monarchs, Chinese Communist have been used suppression and conciliation policies together to prevent its national minorities from secession. In the coming Chinese democratic process, the minorities will certainly demand national autonomy or even independence exactly as former Soviet Union and Yugoslavian minorities did. There are huge number of relatives of Inner Mongolian people live in Mongolia, through communication with each other, these people brought in the democratic idea to Inner Mongolia. Inner Mongolia and Mongolia are the same nationality and speak the same language, the influence of each other is inevitable. At the present, democratic process and nationalistic ideology in Mongolia will definitely have great impact on Inner Mongolia, it will force Chinese government to face with problem of "Mongolian Independence". Inner Mongolia is geographically a neighbor to Chinese midland and 9 Northern provinces, it is only 120 miles to Beijing from Inner Mongolian border , if Inner Mongolia gain independence, it will have huge influence to China. In my opinion, the influence of Mongolian democratic movement and political reform to the Chinese society will be greater than the change in East Europe. Chinese government also aware of the potential danger of Inner Mongolia and pays great attention to the region, the government has imposed stronger control over Inner Mongolia since 1990. Official newspaper \ldblquote Inner Mongolian Daily\rdblquote warned local Mongol people: "A small number of class enemies may continue to have connection with international reactionary force, they are causing resentment among different nationalities in order to...". Chinese communist frankly revealed its intention to implement new policy to prevent turmoil in Inner Mongolia. Once a nationality, which suffered tens of years of political suppression from other nationality, broke the shackles of the ruling class, it will often become arrogant and out of control during the process of searching for psychological balance and spiritual need, it can lead to nationalism as happened in East Europe and ex-Soviet Union.

Although the Mongolian democratic revolution succeeded in more moderate way by establishing multi-party based democratic system. In 1996 election, The Democratic Party took the sit as the executive party of the country. However, like every major revolution in the history, it also awakened the national self consciousness of Mongols. As a result, in the very beginning of Mongolian democratic movement, Mongolian nationalist who consider Chinggis Khan as spiritual leader was revived again. The name of Chinggis Khan was sang in most popular songs among Mongols, the name was printed on the flags of democratic movements and widely published on official newspapers. The portraits of Karl Marx ( 1818\emdash 1883 ) and V.I. Lenin ( Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov 1870--1924 ) were replaced with Chinggis Khan's portrait in the museums. The famous and pride words used by Chinggis Khan to inspire Mongols to conquer the world such as: "As long as my nation exists, I don't care about my own life." "Mongol brothers, on to the horse!" were used in several demonstrations as slogans. Mongol people's demand for democracy and independence is based on. 1. Long time of national depression caused by communist system, resentment of the fact that national hero Chinggis Khan was dogmatized by Marx & Leninist dogmatism, pursue of national dignity. 2. Mongolians don't want their motherland to become Chinese "colony".

It is imaginable, through continued influence of outside information, Mongols sprit of resistance will be inspired eventually. This is proved by the fact that several pro-independence organization were suppressed by Chinese communist in resent years. Although the number of demonstrations and turmoil is increasing, it is not enough to overthrow Chinese communist regime. On the contrary, these demonstrations may be suppressed by Chinese government using even cruel method. When China changes from inside, namely, when Chinese government is forced by democratic procedure to weaken control over its own citizens, independence movement similar to East Europe and ex-Soviet Union will occur in Inner Mongolia or other minority region. Long time of military suppression of variety of independence movement has inspired minority people's resistance, their demand is 'complete independence from China". The minorities no longer believe in the false promised of the Chinese communist's so called "autonomy", they are eventually heading toward the road of complete independence.

In summery, since the day of establishment of Inner Mongolian Autonomous Region on May 1, 1947 until today, history has witnessed 50 years of violence, turmoil, poverty and hatred on the land of Inner Mongolia. Whose fault?

50 years of turmoil