It's become a symbol that's hard to ignore this summer: The black flag with white Arabic writing flown by ISIS, the militant group in Iraq and Syria that calls itself the Islamic State.
The flag is often called the Black Standard or the Black Banner. "The black banner of Islam as an idea goes back to the 8th century, when the Second Dynasty of Islam came to power with black banners," says Jonathan Bloom, a professor of Islamic Art at Boston College.
The white writing that you see at the top of the flag is the first half of an Islamic phrase called the shahada, or declaration of faith, which reads: "There is no god but God, Muhammad is the messenger of God."
The entire shahada is found on many different flags throughout the Islamic world, including the official state flag of Saudi Arabia. But the appropriation of this phrase by ISIS twists the meaning of the Islamic principle, according to Bloom.
"Their use of this phrase is sending very much the wrong message," he says. "If we all accept that this is what this message means, they are co-opting something that has brought millions of people over thousands of years great comfort and solace and meaning in their lives."
Another appropriated symbol on the flag is the white circle at its center, which contains the second part of the shahada: "Muhammad is the Messenger of God." It's meant to represent the official seal of the Prophet Muhammad, but Blooms says scholars have long debated what that seal actually looked like.
The two Arabic phrases, the black color of the flag and even the ancient looking font of the Arabic all work to evoke an image of the historical Islamic caliphate, the massive state that ISIS claims to have resurrected.
"In effect," Bloom says," they're saying we're going back to this earlier time."
, and al-Assad was the bad guy. 
