Pakistan: General Developments - Musharraf warns of new military coup in Pakistan

DaRk WaVe

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DaRk WaVe

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Here you posted from him despite claiming to hate him!
I NEVER EVER POSTED ANYTHING RELATED TO ZION HAMID, NOR DID I EVER DRAGGED HIM IN ANY DISCUSSION

the last link was a mistake & i can provide neutral links as well

He is a buffoon agreed, one that had taken your country by storm and could have been your leader.
Indian delusion

Check out the number of threads on him in Pakistani forums. Here he is very minor. We just laugh over him.
I am not responsible for any forum, but you people here do take him seriously i can point out many instants when Indians brought him in, i never did it....
 

ajtr

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Kasab is history...

Channels want money & when a person with spice will be on air they will earn money, just as Indians have India TV
he wont be history coz.......................................



Pakistan in Crisis


Part-1
With a stockpile of over 80 nuclear warheads, a rapidly collapsing state, and an army and intelligence service severely contaminated with Islamists, Pakistan represents perhaps the single biggest security challenge of the 21st Century. Yet, as Stephen Cohen has written, the U.S. seems to know very little about this country. Washington's policy toward Pakistan has been, at best, an enduring contradiction: it was a friend in the fight against Soviet communism, a conduit during the effort to befriend Chinese communists, a hub in the war against Soviet expansionism in Afghanistan, and is now an ally in the war against the formerly "good guys" of the Afghan war. Mistrust of America in Pakistan is fueled in part by Washington's willingness to tolerate deeply destructive dictators – so long as they cooperate with the U.S. It is not by accident that the ruler most intensely detested by Pakistanis, the austere bigot Zia ul Haq, was also Pakistan's most pro-American leader.

But the notion that American intervention somehow retarded Pakistan's organic evolution does not stand up to scrutiny. Pakistan was rarely a passive player in its relationship with America, and where it stands today is in large measure a consequence of the active choices made by its leaders – choices in which a majority of the vocal urban Pakistanis always seemed to acquiesce. For instance, the blame for the crisis that is currently consuming Pakistan is often directed at America, precisely to the Reagan White House's support for the anti-Soviet jihad, which turned Pakistan into a guesthouse for the globe's mujahideen. Yet it was during a rare period of democratic rule in Pakistan that the Taliban – actively backed by Benazir Bhutto – flourished and seized control of Afghanistan. Bhutto had sought to build Pakistan's defenses from the detritus of the anti-Soviet war; her assassination a decade and a half later revealed the depth to which the Islamism she encouraged abroad had penetrated her own country.

Today's Pakistan is at war with itself, torn between competing ideas of what it means to be Pakistani. Created almost accidentally as a homeland for India's Muslims on the premise that, in Pakistan, no Muslim would be killed for being Muslim, it has become a country in which Muslims are today being killed for not being "good Muslims." The ongoing battle there is unlikely to deliver the Pakistani state to the Taliban. But that is hardly a consolation in view of the fact that the Taliban's objectives are shared by many in the army that is fighting them. By some estimates, up to 30 percent of the Pakistani army are Islamists. To them, this is a logical culmination of the journey that began in 1947. And it is difficult to fault them – because for all the talk of malign external intervention, Pakistan's capacity to produce, autonomously, a nationalism that can even remotely be described as humane or liberal has been checked by the foundational myth of the "Muslim nation": it is impossible to arrive at equality in Pakistan without negating the struggle that created it. Pakistan has remained trapped in that struggle, keenly aware of what it is not, but failing to define cohesively, in over six decades of its existence, what it actually is.

Understanding Pakistan has never seemed more important than now. But to do so, we must look beyond the 1980s. In a series of essays here at FrumForum, I will begin at the beginning, looking at the origins of the idea of the Pakistan, its abrupt and implausible creation, the subsequent events that led to its disintegration and the enmity with India that has sustained Pakistan's sense of itself since its birth. Along the way, I will dissect the key figures that have shaped Pakistan: M.A. Jinnah, Zulfi Bhutto, Shiekh Mujib, Zia ul Haq, AQ Khan, Benazir Bhutto, Nawaz Sharif and, finally, Pervez Musharraf. Four major issues – the birth of Bangladesh, the Kashmir conflict, A.Q. Khan's global nuclear network, and the role of the Pakistani Army in the country's history – will be analyzed in separate essays, and the final essay will carefully evaluate the state of contemporary Pakistan.
 
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Vinod2070

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same old rant already talked about

killing is killing whether you use a 5.56 mm or 155 mm
A 5.56 can discriminate a lot more than a 155 mm! We care for the lives of innocents.

not shirking anything

Indians are forgetting their own history by trying to help the people from whom the 'rapists & bandits' originated
How so? We are not calling the rapists as heroes. The present Afghans are a miserable lot. We are trying to pacify the country and prevent it again becoming a terror factory like it was in Taliban days.

That is the intention of the whole world except those that want it back to Taliban and again a terror factory.

another Indian dilemma they are more interested in how Pakistanis got the missiles, they just love to say your missiles are North Korean & Chinese, when we will fire them at ya, do ask whether they are Chinese or Pakistani
The main point was the name of the missiles. The origin was just a fact.

I know that but at least you should google it out & search for a standard definition of 'genocide'

so how much race of Pakistan has vanished when you people say that some misguided air strikes are akin to genocide?
I think massacre would be a better word. The word genocide is used by some local tribals more than anyone else.

the increased birth rate has not hidden the massacre in gujrat, that also tells us 'something'
One has to keep a death toll of 784 Muslims and 270 odd Hindus in riots in perspective.

The Bangladesh genocide was like 3 millions! That is genocide.

the video was posted on many forums, that was back in 2007 & i am able to find this article about it, it was when peace deal was on cards & Sufi Muhammad was in picture plus situation was really volatile...
all soldiers were released later..

http://old.kavkazcenter.com/eng/content/2007/11/03/9030.shtml
http://www.dailymuslims.com/News-Articles/253.html

i can find the video in a bit as well..
Even if it was PA, the issue still stands.
 

ajtr

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Pakistan: Origins of a Failed State


part-2


On a momentous March afternoon in 1940, Muhammad Ali Jinnah irrevocably ended the idea of a united India: he proclaimed the idea of Pakistan. In a rousing speech to a gathering of over 100,000 Muslims in central Lahore, Jinnah raised the spectre of Hindu domination that a united India was bound to yield. This, he claimed, would result in nothing less than the "complete destruction of what is most precious in Islam." Muslim emancipation was possible only though the division of India along communal lines, and he – the scotch-swigging, pork-scoffing Jinnah, who had barely read the Koran – was going to lead them to their destined land. At about this point, something happened then that should have alarmed Jinnah. A young woman who had been listening intently from a curtained-off enclosure for female attendees felt so thoroughly infected by the message of liberation all around her that she decided to announce her participation in the struggle for Pakistan. She tore off her veil, ran out of the enclosure, and climbed on to the speakers' platform. The pandal fell silent. Guards plunged on to her. She was escorted back to her place.

This suppression of free female expression in a gathering deliberating the liberation of an allegedly oppressed people exposed Pakistan's fatal flaw: it was, to use Salman Rushdie's words, an "insufficiently imagined" idea. Was the land of the pure going to offer its women the kind of liberties its proponents claimed Muslims would be denied in India? Would the source of its constitution be religion? If yes, then who was going to prevail, the moderates or the bigots? In any event, hadn't Jinnah identified the preservation of "what is most precious in Islam" as one of the principal reasons for Pakistan's foundation? And how do you determine what is most precious in Islam? For sixty years, Pakistan has been at war with itself to answer that question; none is forthcoming.

What is often ignored in analyses of Jinnah's motivations is the cancer that was eating away his lungs. Jinnah was a man aware of his imminent mortality. He was so blindingly thrilled by his ability to exercise power in the present that his actions' implications for the future never really mattered – or even occurred – to him.

Jinnah's willingness in these circumstances to uncork the genie of hatred which he knew he would not be around to force back into the bottle rather takes the blush off what his defenders posthumously claim was the purpose of his agitation: to secure a better future for India's Muslims. Hate and mistrust had penetrated the bones of his cadres. The senior Muslim League leader Abdul Khaliq had bellowed at a meeting that "The real Jews of the West were the British, and those of the East were the Hindus, and both were sons of Shylock." Even Muslim kids who had been brought up in cosmopolitan Bombay were infected. A young Zulfi Bhutto, who was later to play a major role in sovereign Pakistan's politics, sent an enthusiastic note to Jinnah from the Himalayan town of Mussoorie. "Hindus," it read, "are the deadliest enemies of our Koran and our Prophet."

By 1946, Jinnah himself was issuing calls of "India divided, or India destroyed." Dr. Rafiq Zakaria, who was active in the freedom movement, went along to one of Jinnah's meetings in Bombay. He was shocked by the "venom" in the speeches, which "aggravated the hostilities between the two communities as never before."

In the months leading up to the partition of India, Jinnah was so erratic and vague that no one quite knew what he wanted, or indeed how to respond to him. Lord Mountbatten, Britain's last viceroy to India, considered Jinnah a "psychopathic case," finding him impossible to deal with. Charged with dissolving the Empire, Mountbatten was keen to keep India united. He tried to explain the impossibility of Pakistan to Jinnah. Muslim majorities in India lay in the west and east of the country, in Punjab and Bengal, respectively. How could a state divided by over a thousand miles of hostile territory be practicable? Besides, if majorities were the guiding factor, the Bengalis outnumbered the Punjabis. But was it not obvious that, in Jinnah's Pakistan, Punjabi chauvinists of the west were going to lord over the Bengalis of the east? Now Mountbatten played his trump card: What about the sizeable non-Muslim populations in both states? Didn't the very logic of Pakistan – bluntly put, majorities cannot be trusted – dictate that these minorities could not be left to Pakistan's mercy? Jinnah froze: he knew Pakistan would be worthless if Punjab and Bengal were partitioned. He immediately offered safeguards to minorities in both states; Mountbatten offered safeguards to Muslims within a united India. Where was the need for Pakistan? Jinnah had no card up his sleeve. He had been hoisted with his own petard. His Pakistan was going to be "moth-eaten," with Calcutta prised out of Bengal and vast tracts of fertile farmland in Punjab transferred to India. If he really sought the welfare of the people he claimed to represent, this was the point at which he should have dropped, or significantly modified, the claim for Pakistan. Instead, Jinnah called for partition. "Until I had met [Jinnah]," Mountbatten later wrote, "I would not have thought it possible that a man with such a complete lack of"¦ sense of responsibility could"¦ hold down so powerful a position."

Jinnah's conduct certainly bore out this observation. To the very eve of Partition, he was busy acquiring prime property in Bombay and Karachi. And as blood-smeared refugees arrived in the Promised Land, their Qaid, ever the hater of mass contact with the unwashed, did not even pay them an open visit, preferring instead to tour the areas in the dead of night, 'in purdah.' This was in cutting contrast to Nehru, who, as India's first prime minister, raced to the scene of communal clashes on his own, often chasing Hindu thugs without regard for his personal safety, and at least once threatening to blow up with bombs anyone who so much as touched India's Muslims.
 

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Pakistan: It Could Not Succeed Unless India Failed


part-3

On 14 August 1947, Pakistan came into existence as an improbable state, its territory, split into two "wings," separated by 1,500 miles of India, and yet the geographically disconnected populations bound into a single nationality on the basis of their shared faith. A few days before that, Jinnah addressed the country's putative Constituent Assembly. "[A] united India could never have worked," he told the gathering. Then, almost as an apology, he allowed the Indian in him to resurface and doubt that Pakistani assertion: "Maybe that view is correct; maybe it is not." What followed was a shocking repudiation of everything that led to the creation of Pakistan.

In a calm, measured tone, Jinnah told the new nation that religion was not the determinant of Pakistani nationalism. In fact, it was immaterial. It was religious divisions, he claimed, that had hindered India's chances of early independence. He continued to describe himself as an Indian. "Indeed, if you ask me, [religious disunity] has been the biggest hindrance in the way of India to attain the freedom and independence, and but for this we would have been free people long, long ago." Then came the real shocker: "You may belong to any religion or caste or creed – that has nothing to do with the business of the State"¦ We are starting with this fundamental principle that we are all citizens – and equal citizens – of one State."

About 7 million Muslims were making their way to Pakistan at this point – not because they viewed it, as official Pakistani narrative suggests, as the land of hope, but because they feared becoming victims of the retributive violence in India that the creation of Pakistan had resulted in. Jinnah's speech must have struck them as a cruel joke. His idea of Pakistan was no different from the Congress's conception of India, and it could have been replicated within a united India, even one with a strong center. Why did he have to uproot so many people? Even Jinnah's admiring American biographer felt compelled to ask if the founder of Pakistan was "pleading for a united India — on the eve of Pakistan – before those hundreds of thousands of terrified innocents were slaughtered, fleeing their homes, their fields, their ancestral villages and running to an eternity of oblivion or a refugee camp in a strange land?"

Partition had turned the subcontinent into a slaughterhouse. People who had lived in peace – or, at worst, were cordially estranged – for at least a millennium turned on each other with irrepressible fury. Trainloads of corpses traveled in both directions. (One of those dispossessed by partition was Rahmat Ali, the Punjabi oddball who had coined the name Pakistan. Having advocated for Pakistan so fiercely, Ali decided to settle down in England.) This was Jinnah's legacy to India. But what of his legacy to Pakistan?

His speech plunged Pakistan into an identity crisis. If faith was irrelevant to Pakistan, what exactly united West Pakistan with East Pakistan? What constituted the two "wings" into one nation? The other obvious problem was Kashmir. Pakistan's locus standi in Kashmir rested entirely upon the fact that a majority of Kashmiris shared the faith of the Pakistani state. But if, as Jinnah said, religion was no business of the state, what was the basis for Pakistan's claim on Kashmir? Jinnah's foundational speech had been the strongest possible case for the dissolution of Pakistan. But as his subsequent actions show, he quickly realized his folly and consciously reintroduced Islam as the sustaining force of the state: In less than 2 months after the speech, he had authorized a jihad in Kashmir, inaugurating the first Pakistan-India war 60 days after the Partition – and putting Pakistan through its first experience of defeat at the hands of India. The one advantage of Pakistan that Jinnah was acutely aware, and proud, of was the strategic location of West Pakistan. He glowed with joy as he told Margaret Bourke-White his plans to tap the U.S. treasury by highlighting the threat of Russian invasion. Pakistan, she wrote presciently, sought to "profit from the disputes of others."

Other than that, she felt Jinnah "had no real national programme for Pakistan except the incitation of fanatic Moslem zeal." She observed prominent Pakistani leaders discussing the possibility of sending a "liberation army to Palestine to help the Arabs free the Holy Land from the Jews." Pakistan was bankrupt, at least half a million had been slaughtered in the exodus that marked the Partition, Punjab was littered with "huge transient camps full of landless farmers," millions of acres of land held by feudal landlords needed to be redistributed, and a constitution had to be urgently framed. But the leadership of Pakistan, in a theme that would be replayed dozens of times over the next several decades, was too consumed by internationalism, and was only too happy to conjure up grievances to feed its hungry people.

But the primary challenge to Pakistan's sense of itself came from India. Jinnah had fought for Pakistan on the premise that Muslims and Hindus could not coexist in one nation. India's success at forging a nationality out of its diversity stood as a towering repudiation of the idea of Pakistan and, merely by being itself, impeached the logic of partition: Pakistan could not justify its creation as long as India accommodated religious diversity. It was not enough that Pakistan turned into an explicitly Islamic country: for its creation to be truly vindicated, the country it was hacked out of should have turned Hindu.

The tragic irony of Jinnah's struggle for Pakistan was that, far from emancipating India's Muslims, it empowered India's Hindu chauvinists. (It is impossible, in fact, to imagine a man who has caused greater harm to India's Muslims than Jinnah.) It exonerated the demonization of Muslims as untrustworthy Fifth Columnists, and it legitimized the project to turn India into a Hindu state. Once a homeland for India's Muslims had been established, some Hindus argued, what they had left behind was, logically, a homeland for Hindus. This was a powerful argument, especially after the carnage of partition. A lesser man would have succumbed to it – just as Jinnah had in Pakistan – but not Nehru. He was determined not to turn India into what he called a "Hindu Pakistan."

Having realized that the quest for a Muslim nation that the idea of Pakistan embodied had failed – or was bound to fail – Jinnah sought to bequeath the appearance of a strong state. Power, and the accoutrements of power, would fill the vacuum created by the lack of ideas. Jinnah spent those first violent months of his country's painful birth writing to Ambassador Mirza Ispahani in Washington to find a limousine and aircraft befitting the governor-general. "What about my car?" an impatient Jinnah asked Ispahani in December of that blood-soaked year. "I want the car very badly." The distance between his priorities and the plight of the people he governed could not have been greater. When he died, just over a year after Pakistan's creation, he had left behind all the trappings of a state, but not even the trace of a nation. The end itself was Sophoclean. Cancerous flames had flared up in his lungs, and he was forced to spend his last months marooned in the mountains of Ziarat. During an emergency shift to Karachi, the military ambulance in which he lay dying broke down on the highway to the capital. He was too weak to climb into his limousine. The heat was oppressive. Flies swarmed around his face. He gasped for air, his life "ebbing away, drop by drop, breath by breath." Refugee camps stood on either side of the road. The date would cast a shadow: September 11, of 1948.
 

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Pakistan: A Mecca for Radical Islam


part-4


In 1948, there was a state called Pakistan: all it lacked was Pakistanis. Within less than a year of Pakistan's bloody creation, mass riots broke out in East Pakistan over the question of language: why was Urdu being forced upon Bengalis? Sindhis, Pathans and Baluchis openly expressed their resentment at being lorded over by Urdu-speaking bureaucrats and Punjabi army officers. An insurgency was taking grip in Baluchistan.

Two things could unite this nation divided against itself: adherence to Islam and opposition to India. The country would be a continuation of the movement that created it – its survival predicated on the presence of a permanent enemy. Jinnah had freed Muslims from "Hindu Raj"; his successors would defend Islam from "Hindu India". Created as a home for the faithful, Pakistan would survive by becoming the guardian of the faith. But the Objectives Resolution, introduced in 1949 to invent a religious nationalism for Pakistan, disenfranchised non-Muslims, empowered the mullahs and opened up the sluice-gates to Islamists. Decades before the Soviet Union occupied Afghanistan, Pakistan became a mecca for global Islamists: senior figures from the Muslim Brotherhood started paying visits, and Mohammed Amin al-Husseini, the one-time Grand Mufti of Jerusalem notorious for his association with the Nazis, was a regular.

Yet for all its evocations of Islamic glory, Pakistan was a mess, a country teetering toward extinction. It had no significant industry. It produced jute and cotton, but the processing mills lay in India. Partition had resulted in a massive flight of capital, with non-Muslim entrepreneurs fleeing the new dispensation for India. What saved Pakistan from imminent extinction was its location. Proximity to the Soviet Union offered rich possibilities. Wholly fabricated reports of Soviet plans to invade Pakistan were prepared and distributed in London and Washington. Pakistan's finance minister, Ghulam Mohammed, was keen to sell the idea of an "Islamic barrier" to contain Moscow.

The offer to Washington was plain: Pakistan was prepared to offer its territory for anti-Soviet operations — so long as the U.S. provided economic and military aid, and guaranteed the Islamic state's security against India. President Eisenhower was willing to offer aid, but he was not prepared to commit the U.S. to a security pact against India, nor was he willing to make Washington party to the Kashmir dispute. At this stage, Pakistan had few choices. It accepted Washington's terms. Aid began flowing. The U.S. equipped Pakistan's army, air force and a dozen navy ships. By 1957, U.S. assistance to Pakistan reached a staggering $500 million. But even as Washington armed Pakistan to fight Communism, it released a policy paper identifying Pakistan's "religious leaders" as an equally potent threat. Washington's only mistake was to believe that by funding Pakistan, it was propping up "Western-minded" leaders who would thoroughly oppose fanatical religious forces. It did not occur to President Eisenhower – and nor have his successors sufficiently appreciated the fact – that the cultivated appearance of Pakistani leaders merely cloaked the deep-seated resentment they felt for the west.
 

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Pakistan's Army: Building a Nation for Jihad



part-5

The army was Pakistan's most organized institution, perhaps the only organization that could be called an institution. Its recruits were drawn primarily from Punjab, but the first Pakistani to command it was a Pashtun. Ayub Khan, however, did not stay in that role very long: he seized the presidency in a military coup – the country's first – eight years later.

Ayub's ascension offered some hope. As a military man, he was disciplined, appeared certain about his plans for Pakistan and, most crucially, possessed the power to implement them. These expectations were not entirely misplaced. Although he called his coup a "revolution", Ayub was an advocate of free enterprise. Pakistan's industrial base expanded under his rule, contributing 6 percent to the nation's GDP by 1959.

But after granting all that, it is also true that Ayub was never the modernizer that his admirers made him out to be. The outward appearance – the sharply cut suits, the finely clipped moustache, the appetite for malt whiskey – that endeared him to western leaders belied the strong undercurrent of grievances that defined his worldview. "[F]rom Casablanca to Jakarta," Ayub believed, Muslim nations were "suspect in the eyes of the major powers because most of them profess the faith of Islam." "India," he then declared, "has a deep pathological hatred for Muslims"¦ [and] will never tolerate a Muslim grouping near or far from her borders." Ayub's Pakistan was going to embrace pan-Islamism and defend it from "Hindu India" and other aggressors.

What followed was an intensive programme of indoctrination that invented a whole new past, presenting Pakistan not as another country but the very apogee of Islam's evolution. School textbooks were filled with myths; the study of "Islamiyat" was promoted at universities; a whole new discipline called "Pakistan Studies," locating the country's origins in the history of Islam, was created. India was relentlessly demonised as a "Hindu" state, producing, according to one Pakistani historian, a xenophobic outlook among both the establishment and the general population.

Pakistan started enlisting allies in the region, securing the support of China and Indonesia. Washington had by then become wary of its Islamic ally. In 1963, it had suspended a $4 million loan after Pakistan entered into an aviation agreement with China. Ayub visited Moscow in April 1965 and gained a promise of Soviet arms for Pakistan.

In May of the previous year, India's long-serving first prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru had passed away. So thoroughly had he come to symbolise India that his death produced profound doubts about its ability to survive without him. But the transition was surprisingly smooth: Nehru had a built a durable democracy.

Zulfi Bhutto, Ayub's ambitious foreign minister, was sent to New Delhi as Pakistan's representative at Nehru's funeral. There he met Shastri, the favourite to succeed Nehru. He was not impressed. From almost that moment on, Zulfi pushed his boss to take action in Kashmir. India, he felt, was ready for defeat. Incidents along the Line of Control escalated rapidly. A few months later, Shastri himself made a stopover in Karachi on his way back from Ottawa to Delhi to attend an informal summit with Ayub. As the discussions carried on, the mighty dictator, dressed in a suit, considered his democratic counterpart – sandal-strapped, dhoti-clad, diminutive, frail, vegetarian – and concluded that Shastri was a weakling incapable of putting up a fight. Big mistake.

In the war that ensued, Pakistan was utterly defeated within a month. Pakistan's claim to being the authentic home of India's Muslims received a major blow when it emerged that the much-talked about Indian officer who had single-handedly knocked out seven Pakistani tanks – receiving, posthumously, India's highest military honour – was a south Indian Muslim called Abdul Hamid.
 

ajtr

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Kasab is history...

Channels want money & when a person with spice will be on air they will earn money, just as Indians have India TV
And kasab cant be history coz........


Pakistani Role in Terrorism Against the U.S.A


Narayanan Komerath

Abstract: Reports from diverse sources describe a Pakistani role in most foreign terrorist attacks directed against the United States in the past decade. Through the template of logic set out by British Prime Minister Anthony Blair, these reports show that the responsibility for the terrorist atrocities of Sep. 11, 2001 rests upon the Pakistani junta.

Introduction

Three thousand one hundred and fifteen people and nineteen terrorists are presumed dead in the September 11, 2001 attacks on the United States. [ABC010927] indicates substantial uncertainty about the true identities of several of the terrorists – including the alleged leader. Moroccan-born French citizen Zacarias Moussaoui, who has claimed that he knows all about the "9/11" plot, is on trial accused of being trained as a 20th hijacker and co-conspirator. French authorities [ABC020905] indicate that Moussaoui was to be in a second wave of attacks on embassies in early 2002, after an aborted 1994 plot to fly an airliner into the Eiffel Tower. The Moussaoui indictment [Chertoff020716] traces his alleged movements and contacts. The word "Pakistan" occurs with remarkable frequency.

The other person who is widely perceived to be knowledgeable about the conspiracy is Pakistan dictator Pervez Musharraf. He has recently commented [Hilton020808] that the sophistication of the 9/11 plot was far beyond the capabilities of Osama bin Laden as he knew him. Freudian slip or not, this agrees with several media reports regarding the involvement of Pakistani entities in most plots, attempts and actual terrorist attacks upon the United States in the last decade. This paper suggests that despite its impact, the 9/11 plot should be viewed as one of many contemporary plots. The number and diversity of the plots and the ties between the various entities involved, draw a picture quite different from that of a lone mad preacher inciting followers to suicide. The picture is rather one of a criminal enterprise which functions to enrich its principals through a well-diversified portfolio of sub-enterprises, powerful marketing, terror-for-hire contracts and a protection / cooperation racket.

There is no novelty in linking the 9/11 atrocities with other terrorist attacks around the world. British Prime Minister Anthony Blair's presentation to Parliament [Blair011007] of Her Majesty's evidence against Osama bin Laden, Al Qaeda and the Taliban, was acclaimed for its articulation of the Western Allies' case for military action against Afghanistan. This document serves as a template for the logic used in pinning responsibility for terrorist atrocities. In this paper, this evidence is followed one level beyond where Mr. Blair stopped. The paper then discusses reports which fill some of the gaps in the puzzle regarding the motives, planning, logistics, funding, execution, cover-up and follow-up of the 9/11 atrocities – and the implications thereof.

The following generalities appear essential to the 9/11 crimes:

1. The attacks required funding beyond what the hijackers may have earned themselves.

2. The hijackers had trained to maneuver large, fast aircraft precisely at low altitudes.

3. Diverse in age, nationality and background, the perpetrators had trained as teams, with commonality in indoctrination and motives – but a large diversity in specialist training.

4. Extreme violence was part of their modus operandi to subdue and dominate planeloads of crew and passengers – some of whom must have realized the nature of the hijackers' intents. This indicates substantial training in tactics, weapons and procedures.

5. The symmetric, concentric collapse of the twin towers, though burned into our memories, was not imagined a priori, and is being investigated as a surprise to designers. Airliner impact might have been expected to topple the upper stories. In that event, the death toll would not have approached the threshold for weapons of mass destruction. Thus the conspirators may not have anticipated the global consensus for a military cleanup of Afghanistan. In other words, one should not assume that the 9/11 plot was intended as the grand finale of Al Qaeda. It may merely have been a plot chosen for media and fundraising effectiveness.

These observations are consistent with the model of a global terrorist enterprise carrying out attacks on a continuing basis, with a clientele of supporters, a portfolio of plots and a system of financial incentives maintaining a quasi-professional force. A part of this model fits "Al Qaeda", but only as an arm of the larger enterprise.

The Evidence Presented by British Prime Minister Blair

Let us follow Mr. Blair's line of reasoning, and apply his logic to other facts. We will use direct quotes where necessary, condensed without distorting their original meanings. Variations in spellings of names and organizations between authors, are left in tact. Quoting [Blair011007]: "The clear conclusions reached by the (UK) government are: Usama Bin Laden and Al Qaida .. planned and carried out the atrocities on 11 September 2001; (they) were able to commit these atrocities because of their close alliance with the Taleban régime, which allowed them to operate with impunity in pursuing their terrorist activity." Unlike this paper, Mr. Blair stopped short of asking: "Who made, trained and continues to support the Taliban?" Below, we examine the events and evidence cited by Mr. Blair.

Genesis of Al Qaeda

[Blair011007] pointed out that Al Qaeda and its global terror network had existed for over 10 years, founded and led by bin Laden. The network included "training camps, warehouses, communication facilities and commercial operations" and a trade in illegal drugs, raising significant sums of money. Blair also pointed to Laden's periods of stay in Afghanistan, as well as his "fatwas" against Americans.

On Al Qaeda's origin, the New York Times reports [NYT020609] that "the organization that eventually evolved into Al Qaeda ...began as the Makhtab al Khadimat, the Office of Services, in Peshawar, Pakistan,.." Osama Bin Laden has been sponsored and protected by Pakistan since the 1980s. According to [Raman990701], Laden led a savage tribal rampage in Gilgit/Baltistan areas of Pakistan-occupied Kashmir, under the command of Pervez Musharraf, the protege of Islamist Pakistan dictator Zia ul Haq, crushing a popular agitation for rights. Later he accompanied Pakistan-equipped Islamist forces fighting the Soviets, and then against the more secular of the Afghan Mujaheddin Alliance forces who drove out the Soviet-backed regime. As the Soviet occupation ended, he turned his attention on the US. Between 1992 and '96, Taliban (meaning "student") forces led and equipped by the Pakistan Army routed the ragtag, exhausted, ill-equipped Afghan Alliance survivors of the war against the Soviets, and conquered 95% of Afghanistan, bringing it under mediaeval Islamic Law. Taliban-controlled Afghanistan was the "Strategic Depth" of Pakistan, a private backyard to conduct activities which would be hard to hide or protect in Pakistan. On the run from US-pressured Sudan, Yemen and Saudi Arabia, Osama bin Laden was brought in 1996 to Jalalabad, reportedly in a Pakistan Air Force C-130, with some of his wives and offspring. The Governor of Jalalabad province was a Pakistani-backed drug lord [Rashid2001], [Quadir2002]. (Note: this person was later appointed to the cabinet of Mr. Hamid Karzai, and assassinated in July 2002). Bin Laden issued his 1996 "fatwa" against the US from Jalalabad. The 1998 fatwa was issued from Peshawar, Pakistan. In censored, military-run Pakistan, where political activity requires military permission, bin Laden was able to preach, recruit and incite for the jehad – showing the complete acquiescence if not participation of Pakistani governments for over 10 years. The Afghan drug trade operates through Pakistan. From [DAWN991008]: "Afghanistan smuggling drugs via Pakistan..70 per cent of the world opium was being produced in Afghanistan, a major portion of which was supplied to the international market through Balochistan. " Presumably, the Pakistan Army got its cut.

The links between Al Qaeda and the Taliban

[Blair011007] cited Laden's ties to the Taliban, including a "close and mutually dependent" military alliance, and that the Taliban's "strength would be seriously weakened without .. Laden's military and financial support" including presence in the command structure.

The Taliban had a much closer and dependent, subordinate relationship with Pakistan's military leaders, having come to power on the strength of Pakistani firepower, air power and officer corps. In November 2001, it became obvious that up to 90 percent of the "foreigners" of the Taliban were experienced Pakistani military personnel. From [NYT011208]: "Pakistani military advisers were withdrawn from Afghanistan over the following weeks, a ..crucial factor in the surprisingly swift collapse of Taliban forces when confronted by the Northern Alliance"¦ "We did not fully understand the significance of Pakistan's role in propping up the Taliban until their guys withdrew and things went to hell fast for the Talibs." From [Etel010930]: "Twice he attended Taliban training camps .. run by Arabs as well as Pakistanis. The first one ..lasted 10 days in the Yellow Desert in Helmand province, a place where Saudi princes used to hunt, so it has its own airport. It was incredibly well guarded and there were many Pakistanis there, both students from religious schools and military instructors. The Taliban is full of Pakistanis."

The mechanisms for arming the Taliban are glimpsed in [VanNiekerk020130] for conventional weapons, and [Mintz020802] for advanced/ nuclear weapons. In both cases, the negotiators and technical people are identified as Pakistanis with official titles.

Attacks in Somalia, Kenya, Tanzania and Yemen

[Blair011007] accused Laden of claiming credit for the deaths of 18 US soldiers in Somalia in October '93, the 224 deaths and over 5000 wounded in the bombings of the US embassies in Kenya and Tanzania in August '98, and the 17 dead and 40 wounded in the attack on USS Cole in October 2000. He accused Laden's lieutenant Atef of training the Somalis for the '93 attack.

It was to Pakistan that the principal suspects, including Ramzi Youssef, flew "home" after each of these attacks, regardless of their nominal nationalities. Some have been arrested under American pressure. As recently as July 2002, Sheikh Ahmed Salim, a 33-year-old Kenyan, who had a $25 million price tag on his head, was arrested in Karachi [Kenya020905]. Pakistani Mullah Masood Azhar, leader of the terrorist group Jaish-e-Muhammed [WN020225], is named as an organizer of the 1993 Somalia attacks on US peacekeepers [Mherald020226].

Acquisition of Weapons of Mass Destruction

[Blair011007]: " From the early 1990s Usama Bin Laden has sought to obtain nuclear and chemical materials for use as weapons of terror. "

Mr. Blair might have added: "With the active help of the Pakistani nuclear establishment." US investigators confirmed that six top-level officials of the Pakistani nuclear establishment were members of "Ummah Tameer Nau" (U.T.N.), a group affiliated with Al Qaeda, and were participating in planning nuclear terror attacks [NYT011209]. The Taliban's minister(s) were given tours of the Pakistani nuclear establishment, and the workings and requirements of nuclear weapons programs explained to them. From [NYT011209]: "According to the (CIA), (Dr. Bashiruddin) Mahmood (Former Chief of the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission) and another nuclear scientist, Chaudry Abdul Majid, met with bin Laden in Kabul a few weeks before 9/11... U.S. pressure got the scientists detained in late October, and they admitted having provided bin Laden with detailed information about weapons of mass destruction"¦. General Hamid Gul — a former ISI director with pronounced anti-American, radically Islamist views — identified himself as U.T.N.'s "honorary patron" and said that he had seen Mahmood during his trip to brief bin Laden."

In 1998, the FBI foiled an arms purchase attempt in Florida [Wpost020801], [NBC0207], [Dherald020803], involving Pakistani intelligence service (ISI) personnel, diplomats and a consulting Pakistani nuclear scientist. The items sought included Stinger shoulder-fired anti-aircraft missiles, and heavy water for use in nuclear reactors. A Canadian expert on radical Islam has claimed that Pakistanis smuggled "dirty nuclear bombs" into Canada [WN020320] and 3 of them across the border in the US, and are waiting for orders to set them off.

International Network

[Blair011007] cited Al Qaeda's network of terrorist organizations including "Egyptian Islamic Jihad and other north African Islamic extremist terrorist groups, and a number of other jihadi groups in other countries including the Sudan, Yemen, Somalia, Pakistan and India", as well as cells in other countries. However, most activities are eventually traced to orders and training emanating and coordinated from Pakistan [See Table 1]. The UK hosted a large concentration of Al Qaeda forces and fund-raising and publicity resources [AK47UK]; [TOI011014]; invariably traced to Pakistani motivators. The international scope of the terror enterprise developed by Pakistan is described in [Weaver 9805]: "Even today you can sit at the Khyber Pass and see every color, every creed, every nationality, pass.. To make contacts with Islamists from North Africa!.."

[Blair011007] then listed Al Qaeda's business and financial transactions and camps in "Afghanistan, Pakistan, the Sudan, Somalia and Kenya for the use of"¦ terrorist groups", with at least 4 of 12 camps in Afghanistan used for training terrorists. While bin Laden may have made deals, it is clear that there are large and powerful streams of personnel, technical expertise, security and funding behind Al Qaeda. [IndUK020721], [Yomari990107] and [CNN980822] are examples of numerous reports of many more such camps located in Pakistan and Pakistan-Occupied Kashmir, all run by the Pakistan Army and the ISI under Pak Lts. Gen. Aziz Khan, Javed Nasir, Mohammed Ziauddin and Mehmood Ahmed. Former US Ambassador Dennis Kux states [Kux2002] that "Instead of closing down the cross-border terrorist apparatus, Pakistan merely moved many of the Kashmir-bound terrorists to Afghanistan, changed the ISI chief and "privatised" the cross-border terrorism with continued ISI help". From [IA2002] "All recruits from Pakistan, Kashmir, POK and Afghanistan were sent to the battle front in Afghanistan for battle inoculation and also for advanced training in the camps run jointly by Pakistan's ISI and Osama Bin Laden's Al Qaeda, in Khost, Jalalabad and Kandahar"

Run-up to 9/11

[Blair011007]: "The modus operandi of 11 September was entirely consistent with previous attacks. Al Qaida's record of atrocities is characterised by meticulous long term planning, a desire to inflict mass casualties, suicide bombers, and multiple simultaneous attacks"¦ Laden insisted that the need to attack the United States excused the killing of other innocent civilians, Muslim and non-Muslim alike." This paper now examines events of which Her Majesty's investigators may have chosen to be ignorant.

PanAm73 Hijacking, Karachi 1986.

PanAm Flt.73 was hijacked at Karachi by a swarm of terrorists carrying AK47s, pistols, grenades and plastic explosives [PanAm9101]. The flight crew exited through the cockpit hatch, abandoning the flight attendants and passengers. The terrorists murdered two Indian-American passengers. Pakistani authorities, like the Taliban 14 years later, provided less than minimal support for hostage negotiation or help to the passengers but ensured that there would be no Indian or American hostage rescue mission. Eventually, a Pakistani "commando" team "stormed" the aircraft. Passengers cited them tossing grenades into a crowded cabin rather than shooting at the hijackers. An Indian flight attendant, cited for her heroism, was also killed, among several other casualties. The hijackers served various prison terms, but some obviously were allowed to escape. In August 2002, with their increased presence in Pakistan, the US reopened the case and got a Jordanian national extradited to stand trial for murder [WPost020727].

Mumbai coordinated bombings, 1993

The concept of simultaneous bombing attacks on several downtown buildings in a major city was tried out in the central business district of Mumbai, India [Sree001231], killing over 300 people and wounding thousands. Following Interpol "Red Corner" notices, the notorious smuggler/ gangsters Dawood Ibrahim and "Chota Shakeel" disappeared into Pakistan. In December 2001, Pakistan again refused Indian demands to extradite them, claiming ignorance of their whereabouts. A TIME correspondent reported that these fellows were living comfortably in the same exclusive neighborhood as General Musharraf. From [Anson0208]: "Ghulam Hasnain, the Karachi TIME stringer, had gone missing the day before"¦ the ISI had picked him up because of an expose he had written on Dawood Ibrahim for a Pakistani monthly. " From [SAT020803]: "His informative pieces on the ISI involvement in the Jihad mess got him in trouble. Husnain went in and out of several detention and interrogation sessions before he.." (escaped to the US).

World Trade Center 1993, US airliners 1995, Tunisian Synagogue 2002

A truck bomb exploded in the parking garage under the WTC, killing several people. Ramzi Youssef flew back to Pakistan the day of the bombing, but was arrested and brought to the US for trial. An Egyptian cleric is also in jail for the same plot. Youssef, and co-WTC bombing convicts Abdul Hakim Murad and Wali Khan were also implicated in a plot to bomb a dozen American airliners over the Pacific in 1995. This plot unraveled when a suspicious fire in an apartment exposed the bomb-making operation. [Laude010913] describes the intent of this plot, Project Bojinka, as being to hijack US-bound airliners over the Pacific and crash them into buildings. Ramzi Youssef's nationality is undetermined. However, in August 2002, citing the interrogation of Abu Zubeidah, an Al Qaeda coordinator arrested from Faisalabad, Pakistan, the FBI issued an "alert" for Khalid Shaikh Mohammed, Pakistani "relative" of Ramzi Youssef, as organizer of the April 2002 suicide attack on a Tunisian synagogue. The suicide bomber, Nawar, was traced to training camps in Pakistan. Khalid Mohammed is said to be a link between the 1993 WTC bombings, the 9/11 WTC attack, and the Tunisian synagogue bombing.

The LAX Millennium Bombing Plot, 1999

This case came in for special mention by [Blair011007]. The case files [White010702]; [LAX010705]; [LAX010703] reveal the workings of the lowest levels of the terror establishment. Ahmed Ressam, a petty thief of Algerian origin, was recruited in Montreal and sent to Pakistan and then Afghanistan for training. Returning, he was arrested on arrival from Canada by ferry at Port Angeles near Seattle with a rental car containing a large bomb (over 100lb of explosives), intended for Los Angeles international airport on New Year's Day 2000. He was convicted in April 2001 – news reports cited a Pakistan International Airlines ticket stub as nailing the proof for the jury. In exchange for consideration of a sentence reduction from 130 to 27 years, he testified against co-conspirators including Abu Zubeidah, the coordinator in Pakistan whom he had met on arrival at Karachi from Montreal. From [LAX010703]: "Can you explain to the jury what Abu Zubeida really was in connection with the camps? A. He is the person in charge of the camps. He receives young men from all countries. He accepts you or rejects you. And he takes care of the expenses of the camps. He makes arrangements for you when you travel coming in or leaving." From Ressam's cross-examination [LAX010705]: "Q. The reason you were going to call Jaffar in Pakistan was so that you could take credit for blowing up the airport, correct? A. Yes, to claim the responsibility for the job." (Note: "Abu Jaffar" was the leader of the Algerian Cell in Pakistan). From the chilling testimony, it is clear that Ressam learned explosive chemistry, practised using guns, RPGs, making bombs, blowing up airports, killing dogs with poison gas (to simulate "Americans" and "Israel-supporters") and putting cyanide on doorknobs to kill "agents" and VIPs.

Portfolio of Terror

The LAX plot was by no means isolated. [Anson0208] describes Pakistani Sheikh Mubarak Ali Shah Gilani, as a leader of Jamaat ul-Fuqra ("The Impoverished") described by the State Department's 1995 report on terrorism as dedicated "to purifying Islam through violence". "Ul-Fuqra is said to have recruited devotees from as far away as the Netherlands and had sent jihadis into battle in Kashmir, Chechnya, Bosnia, and Israel. Since the early 1980s, ul-Fuqra had also operated in the U.S. as.. Muslims of America, in 19 states .. linked to.. money-laundering, arson, murder, and the 1993 attack on the World Trade Center. Gilani ..was, for a time, based himself in the States, but now .. is found in a walled compound in Lahore, Pakistan, where.. one of his visitors was (accused Shoe Bomber) Richard C. Reid." From [WStand9906]: "FUQRA terrorism in North America appears to have peaked in the early 1990s. In 1991, ..five men were arrested at the Niagara Falls border crossing after U.S. Customs agents.. found photographs, floor plans, and videotapes of the interiors of the targets, details of "recon team," "guard team," and "hit team" roles, and a description of how "time delay" bombs could be placed below the cinema floor. A Canadian jury convicted three American Fuqra members of 'conspiracy to commit mischief endangering life.' A fourth suspect, Max Lon Fongenie, who had arrived. .from Pakistan shortly before the plot was set in motion, fled back to Pakistan"¦ Gilani's close ties to Kashmir and the ISI.. in July 1983, Stephen Paul Paster, ..blew off most of one hand while planting a pipe bomb at a Portland hotel.. escaped from a hospital.. served 4 years of a 20-year prison sentence... suspected but not charged in.. bombings in Seattle in 1984.. Now lives in Lahore, where U.S. intelligence sources say he provides explosives training to visiting Fuqra members."

In presenting the following, it is noted that accusations are not proof of guilt – several post-911 horror stories have turned out to be the result of misunderstandings, xenophobia and outright perjury. A Pakistani-American businessman [Dawn020711] had his stores raided by law officers looking for evidence of money transfers involving the Al Qaeda. An employee in one of his stores pleaded guilty to having a false passport after a photo developing service told police that he had been extremely anxious and in a hurry to get 25 photos developed of the World Trade Center towers, 2 weeks before 9/11. A group of Pakistanis, under arrest on immigration / fraud charges [Newsday020715] were reportedly refusing to discuss why they purchased an industrial-size mixer and set up a production facility under a false corporate name in summer 2001, or how they disposed of the items. Another Pakistani immigrant is on trial. According to [CNN020808], "Imran has confessed in court that he plotted to blow up a bridge in Florida and Jewish synagogue". From [LVS020808]: "Pakistani immigrant pleaded guilty ..conspiring to bomb power stations, a National Guard armory and Jewish-owned businesses... Mandhai and Jokhan hoped the bombings would create chaos and they could make various demands.." [Wpost020801] discusses a Kuwaiti-born Canadian citizen in a plot to bomb the US embassy in Singapore: "Sometime in 2000, Mansour Jabarah (the father of the suspect) said, Mohammed left Kuwait for Pakistan 'without my permission.. He was looking for Islamic studies in English"¦ Police are looking for my other son, Abdulhassan and I don't know where he is..' "

As seen above, accused "Shoe Bomber" Richard C. Reid was traced to the "Fuqra" in Pakistan; associates arrested in France have been Pakistanis. On the alleged "Dirty Bomb Plot", [CNN020828] reports: "Jose Padilla,, researched how to build a "dirty bomb" at an al Qaeda facility in Pakistan and planned to use radioactive material stolen in the United States to construct the "uranium-enhanced" device". [CNN020616] reports the arrest of a Pakistani national in the US, associated with the same plot.

Rehearsal: Hijack-Murder on IC814

The terror schools obviously learned from the PanAm73 experience – the new genre of hijackers included trained pilots. At the end of December 1999, an Indian Airlines Airbus 300 en route from Kathmandu, Nepal to New Delhi was hijacked by a team of terrorists who were sitting in first class. They entered the cockpit by rushing a flight attendant as the door opened for her to serve beverages. They segregated the passengers and took several hostages to the forward cabin. They subdued the crew and forced them to take off from Amritsar where the crew had landed instead of Lahore, by slitting the throat of young Rupin Katyal – and threatening more murders. The aircraft was flown to Dubai and then to Kandahar, where the Taliban mounted anti-aircraft batteries and aimed tank guns at the aircraft to deter hostage-rescue attempts by India. After a week-long nightmare, India agreed to free 4 terrorists including Omar Shaikh Saeed, jailed for kidnap and murder after killing a police officer who was rescuing western hostages, Zagar, who murdered kidnap victims by tying hand grenades to them, and Jaish-e-Mohammed leader Masood Azhar, jailed for illegal entry and terrorist conspiracy. At the end of the standoff, the crew feigned equipment failure to prevent the terrorists from retrieving their checked baggage – and were surprised by the hijackers' familiarity with the cockpit controls and procedures. The Taliban allowed the hijackers and their freed associates to escape to Pakistan, which denied knowledge of their entry. In 2002, Saeed and one of the hijackers, Mansur Hasnain, were implicated in the kidnap-murder of Wall Street Journal reporter Daniel Pearl. Mr. Saeed had been living at his family home in Lahore with the full knowledge of the Pakistan government, and apparently "surrendered" to the ISI a week before they revealed his presence to police. [Ireact011108]: "Intelligence agencies are in possession of tape transcripts of the conversations between (Pakistan Army Lt. Gen) Aziz and the hijackers"¦ it was on Aziz's instructions that the hijackers demanded a ransom in addition to the release of jailed terrorists for freeing the 155 hijacked passengers." Proof of the planning of the hijacking was found in a Kabul house in November 2001 [Rohde011206].

Training

[Blair011007]: "The operatives involved in the 11 September atrocities attended flight schools, used flight simulators to study the controls of larger aircraft and placed potential airports and routes under surveillance." IC814 was obviously a dress rehearsal for 9/11, also achieving the release of Omar Shaikh Sayeed and Mullah Masood who would have further roles to play. Blair's grand declaration, "The modus operandi of 11 September was entirely consistent with previous attacks" looks ironic – the Western Allies were certainly given every opportunity to recognize that the Indian plane was hijacked by Pakistan-backed terrorists. The IC814 attack demonstrated how to get lethal weapons aboard an airliner in a nation where security searches including X-raying of all baggage have been routine for a long time – weapons were transferred in a diplomatic bag from a PIA flight on the tarmac – a clear indication of official complicity at the PIA flight's origin. The technique for rushing the cockpit was demonstrated, as was the subduing of passengers and crew by murdering an innocent in a most horrible manner – later replicated on 9/11 [WN020130].

Commercial Flight Simulators need expert instructors, with airline or Air Force experience. The 9/11 gang included one Saudi-licensed commercial pilot. The high-speed, high-precision maneuvers executed by the terrorists are far beyond the capabilities of armchair pilots. Amateur pilots with a few hours of flying Cessnas or PC-based flight simulators do not get such results on the first attempt – these were clearly people who had been trained for these precise maneuvers by experts who knew combat flying and airliner flying – Air Force veterans. It is known that PAF officers have been on deputation to Saudi and UAE Air Forces as pilots and instructors, and presumably had access to training on large aircraft. [NYT020824] quotes German investigators who place Atta and two accomplices at Afghan-based Al Qaeda training camps from late 2000 to early 2001. [Etel010930] confirms that the Afghan terror training camps had Pakistani military instructors and jet-handling airfields.

[Rediff020717] and [Mir020711] reported FBI requests to question PAF Squadron Leader Atif Ahmed bin Mansoor, and PAF refusal on the grounds that he is a "responsible officer". From [Mir020711] : (Between 1997 and '99) "Atif and Atta lived and studied together at ..Technical University of Hamburg-Harburg (TUHH), "¦ after Atif left for Pakistan, Mohamed Atta was frequently seen in the company of his first cousin, Marwan Al-Shehhi, who had arrived 'almost as a replacement'." Al-Shehhi, Atta and another Hamburg graduate were among the gang presumed dead on 9/11. In this connection, it is worthwhile to note that many of the 9/11 hijackers are reported to have attended or signed up for flight schools in the US and elsewhere – but none are reported to have actually demonstrated proficiency as pilots of large aircraft. In fact, most are pooh-poohed for incompetence. One hijacker is indeed reported to have had a Saudi commercial pilot license – but had gone around failing basic flying courses in the US!

It is useful to ask whether an organization known for "meticulous planning" would depend on such hit-or-miss training of their spearheads. Atta and his PAF classmate are reported to have won top honors at the technical school in Hamburg. During the 9/11 hijackings, the terrorist pilots showed high levels of proficiency in avoiding Air Traffic Control, finding targets accurately, and zeroing in on the WTC Tower using a high-G turn. In the Pentagon attack, the plane came in at 400 knots near-ground level. These skills went far beyond those implied by their scattered piloting lessons, and they worked in four teams with all the ruthless assurance of military squads. The flight school stories appear to be ways of establishing false identities and hiding the true piloting credentials of the terrorists and their military backgrounds.

[WSJ020701] reports on a Spanish investigation: "Mohammed Atta met with five other suspected Islamist terrorists in eastern Spain two months before Sept. 11"¦.Atta.. met with Ramzi Binalshibh .. in Tarragona on July 10, Spanish investigators said. .. Mr. Binalshibh, who is now believed to be in Pakistan, had been denied a visa to the U.S., where he had hoped to obtain a pilot's license. .. Said Bahaji, one of Mr. Atta's roommates in Hamburg, Germany, may have attended the meeting as well. Mr. Bahaji also is believed to be in Pakistan." The Mideast news channel Al Jazeera [AlJr020908] claims to corroborate this story and points out that "Binalshibh" is actually Ramzi bin Al-Shaibah, associated with Kuwaiti-born Pakistani passport-holder Khaled al-Sheikh Mohammad, whom they describe as the chief of Al Qaeda's military operations. Note conflict with earlier reports about Mohammed Atef holding that position. [Wp020911] follows up on these stories and indicates that the 9/11 plot was proposed by Atta and his classmates, and presented to the terror enterprise when Atta came to Pakistan in late 1999. However, the first funding, indicating selection of the plot from the portfolio, came in mid-2000, and this is where the first "smoking gun" piece of evidence appears to fit in.

Smoking Gun #1: The Money Trail and Kidnap-Terror Links

[Blair011007]: "Since 1989, Usama Bin Laden has established a series of businesses to provide income for Al Qaida, and to provide cover for the procurement of explosives, weapons and chemicals, and for the travel of Al Qaida operatives. The businesses have included a holding company known as 'Wadi Al Aqiq', a construction business known as 'Al Hijra', an agricultural business known as 'Al Themar Al Mubaraka', and investment companies known as 'Ladin International' and 'Taba Investments'."

[Wpost020216] and [TOI0208] report on Pakistani conduits for Al Qaeda funding. The "smoking-gun" accusation in the 9/11 investigation, however, is a cell-phone call allegedly from Pakistan ISI Chief, Lt. Gen. Mehmood Ahmed to terrorist Omar Shaikh Saeed, who then transferred $100,000 from a UAE bank to Mohammed Atta in Germany before the 9/11 attacks. The call was caught by Indian RAW (Research & Analysis Wing) agents monitoring Ahmed's (or Saeed's) cell phone, and shadowing Saeed in a bookstore in Karachi. [Mir020711] gives the transfer date in summer 2000, which fits later American / German reports [CNN020710] of the terrorists' banking records, citing a $110K deposit as the earliest transaction – in 2000. On 9/10/2001, Atta and one of the other hijackers are reported to have wired the remainder of the money to the UAE (Atta reported to have wired $15,600), where Omar Shaikh is said to have collected it and returned to Pakistan immediately. From the American side of the transactions [LaTimes0110]: "The money trail to the Emirates just before the Sept. 11 attacks consisted of wire transfers to a man identified as Mustafa Ahmad, thought to be a financial officer in Al Qaeda. Al-Shehhi wired $5,400 to Ahmad, (Shaykh Saiid) shortly before noon on Sept. 10 from a Western Union office at the Greyhound bus terminal in Boston,...Separately, suspected hijacker Waleed M. Alshehri sent $5,215 to Ahmad from a currency booth at Boston's Logan Airport on the evening of Sept. 9. .. Atta wired money to Ahmad on Sept. 8 and 9. The document is unclear on the amounts, but Al Suweidi said it was like the others, about $5,000. Ahmad picked up the transfers on Sept. 11 from the Al Ansari exchange in Sharjah... The same day, Ahmad used a Saudi Arabian passport to fly from Dubai to Pakistan, Emirates officials have said." "Ahmad" was apparently identified with photos of Omar Shaikh Saeed by staff at the Ansari exchange. The source of these funds poses further interesting questions discussed below, but the accusation against Mehmood resulted in swift action to remove and protect him. Immediately following the publication of these reports, Mehmood Ahmed was moved out of the ISI chief post, but only to another post in the inner Corps Commanders' Council which helps Musharraf rule Pakistan. [TOI011009] reported that the US sought his removal after confirming the wiring of $100,000 to Mohammed Atta from Pakistan by "Ahmed Umar Sheikh" at his instance.

One might well ask why the original $100K payment would be made through traceable channels. The answer may be that (a) the source had to be authenticated for Atta to proceed and (a) the traceable party was Omar Shaikh Saeed, already a known terrorist with Al Qaeda links, and thus expendable (he is supposedly on Death Row now). Note that Saeed's pseudonym for the transactions was "M. Ahmad". The cell-phone intercept of Pakistan ISI Chief General Mehmood Ahmed was presumably secret until revealed to the FBI in late 2001 when its significance became clear.

A further link in the funding scheme came from arrests following the motorcycle drive-by murder of policemen guarding the American Center in Kolkata, India in January 2002. Even as India pointed to Pakistani links, Aftab Ansari, a kidnap-gang leader, was reported to have claimed credit for this from safety in Dubai, as "revenge". Indian police had shot his associate Asif Reza Khan, "trying to escape" after being arrested for holding jeweler Bhaskar Parekh to ransom in November 2000. This prompted US FBI Chief Robert Mueller, visiting India at the time, to declare that the shooting appeared to be gang-related, not a terrorist attack on the US. The fun ended when two of the motorcyclists were tracked down and surrounded. One died in a shootout, the other was captured alive and interrogated. Using evidence from Asif Reza Khan's interrogation, Interpol issued a "Red Corner Notice" against Ansari. Dubai acted quickly on this notice, arresting Aftab Ansari as he tried to catch a PIA flight to Karachi with his Pakistani passport. Dubai extradited him to India, where he confessed. From [TOI020123]: "CBI Director P C Sharma told visiting FBI Chief Robert S Mueller that Ansari, who claimed responsibility for Tuesday's attack, had taken a ransom of Rs 37.5 million to free (kidnap victim) shoe baron Parthapratim Roy Burman through hawala channels to Dubai.. . Out of this amount, Omar Sheikh ..had sent $100,000 to Atta through telegraphic transfer..".

There appears to be confusion in the media reports on the timing of the $100K wire transfer (if there was only one). We presume that "Al Ansari exchange" mentioned above in Sharjah, a half-hour's drive from Dubai, is owned by Mr. Ansari. The link between Aftab Ansari, Omar Shaikh and the Pakistan ISI is discussed in [Twk020322], and attributed to Ansari's gang-member Asif in [TRIN020126], and Ansari's confession in [Trib020513] and [IPCS2002]. [Rediff020123] describes how Ansari, Omar Shaikh Saeed and Masood Azhar met in prison. Mr. Burman was kidnapped in July 2001 and released on Aug. 2, 2001 [Blonnet010803]. However, Ansari's specialties were kidnapping and arms deals, and he had no shortage of wealth. [CNN020710] reports that "one of the first transfers was $110,000 in 2000 to an account held by Atta and Waleed Alshedri" – clearly this could not be from the ransom money obtained in November 2000 or July 2001. [Mir020711] also states that the Mehmood-Saeed wire of $100,000 to Atta occurred in "summer 2000", matching the above. Ansari's confession stated that Omar Shaikh Saeed introduced him at General Mehmood's suggestion in mid-2000 to "Professor" Hafeez Sayeed, leader of the Lashkar-e-Toiba terrorist organization, and they jointly developed plots where kidnapping would fund terror activities. Azim Cheema, an L-e-T terrorist, is said to have delivered the Pakistani passport and other documents for Ansari's use. Ansari confessed to several payments to Omar Shaikh Saeed, and to funding an arms cache including 14kg of RDX, which was seized in Patan, India.

The confusion regarding payments can be cleared by realizing that there were several payments, totaling well over $325,000 and perhaps over $500,000 [CNN020710]. The source may have been Al Ansari accounts, but the disbursements may have been routed through the Middle East, Europe or the Caymans, using banking and untraceable "hawala" channels. [CNN020710] reports how the 9/11 hijackers opened bank accounts, giving false data in cities in the southern US including SunTrust, a major Atlanta-based bank. A report from the Cayman Islands [Cayman010916] speaks of a strange group appearing there, claiming to be Afghans traveling on Pakistani passports – which could not be found. As the authorities tried to find out from Pakistan and Britain about these men (with no response from the Pak embassy), an anonymous writer sent a letter to a Cayman media editor declaring that the men were terrorists bent on launching an attack on the US – just before Sep. 11.

From the above accounts, the Pakistan ISI Chief and terrorists under his control appear to have been much closer to the funding and implementation of the 9/11 plot than Osama bin Laden was. The links between the kidnapping / hijacking ransoms and the 9/11 terrorists' funding shows a very different tactic from those attributed to bin Laden's funding mechanisms. Clearly, the spy agency of Pakistan would be in an excellent position to shake down international kidnappers who depended on Pakistani protection and passports – and the ISI Chief would have easy access to their accounts. The intercepted cell-phone call is the only direct published tie to Musharraf's junta – unless Omar Shaikh Saeed talks to US investigators. Pakistan appears bent on preventing this – supposedly having put Saeed on Death Row for the murder of Daniel Pearl. Hafeez Sayeed, the L-e-T chief, has also disappeared, his wife having filed a "habeas corpus" petition and the Pak authorities denying holding him.

On-site Executive Supervision

One feature of most Al Qaeda attacks is that the "project director", a senior terrorist officer, visits the target city – and leaves hours before the actual event. After the 9/11 attack, a senior mullah was arrested at Heathrow airport as he left a plane from the US – but nothing has been heard of that since. There was, however, another senior officer present – General Mehmood Ahmed, ISI Chief, was visiting the State Department when the attack on the Pentagon occurred – and he had practically a direct view of the event. From [Mateen010910]: "ISI Chief Lt-Gen. Mahmoud's week-long presence in Washington has triggered speculation about the agenda of his mysterious meetings at the Pentagon and National Security Council. .. most important meeting was with Marc Grossman, U.S. Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs. One can safely guess that the discussions must have centred around Afghanistan . . . and Osama bin Laden."

A final hint of ISI involvement in the 9/11 attack comes in the assassination of Northern Alliance leader Ahmed Shah Masood on September 9 using a suicide bomb in a TV camera, and hints on bin Laden's whereabouts. According to [CBS0203], bin Laden was reported to be in Pakistan for "medical treatment". On the night of Sep. 9, General Musharraf was at a party at ISI Headquarters, where he met former ISI Chief, General Hamid Gul on his return from his weeks-long stay in Afghanistan [JLA020610]. A clear link between the Algerian suicide bomber, the TV-camera-bomb, and Pakistan has not yet been reported.

Another possible reason for the 9/09 "party" at ISI HQ has not been explored in the media. The first of the payments from the 9/11 hijackers, signaling that they had no further need for money in this world, was wired from Boston on 9/08 – and the recipient in Sharjah would have known immediately. It must have been the afternoon of the 9th in Pakistan. Why else were these payments, relatively negligible sums, wired at such risk of eventual discovery? And why by the same route by which the original $100K came? Which takes us to the most frightening piece of evidence: the timing when the airlift of strategic assets from Afghanistan was planned.

Smoking Gun #2: Transfer of assets from Afghanistan

On Sep. 12 (in Pakistan – late Sep. 11 in the US) all major Pakistani airports were closed for several hours [Rind010915], [Raman010917]. Heavy military traffic was reported. It was speculated that the senior officers from Afghanistan and critical equipment / weapons were being brought home before American bombing made travel impossible. The timing is extremely interesting when one considers the lead-time needed for a large-scale airlift involving both people and heavy equipment. The aircraft must have gone from Pakistan, and loaded men and equipment gathered from all over Afghanistan with its primitive roads and infrastructure, and returned to Pakistan. According to the Pakistani government [Hilton020808] General Musharraf was at some evening public meeting when he was informed of the attacks, and he dismissed them as something between the MidEast Arabs and the US – leaving less than 12 hours before the airlift arrived in Islamabad. When was this airlift planned? What does this imply about General Musharraf's foreknowledge of the 9/11 attacks? The Sep. 8 and 9 money transfers from Boston [LATimes0110], conveying the "All Systems are Go!" signal, serve to explain much of this miracle – but since Gen. Mehmood was in the US at the time, this also implies a more direct information channel from Omar Shaikh Saeed a.k.a. "Mustafa Ahmad" to General Pervez Musharraf.

As the Americans made clear their strategy of a close and intrusive embrace of Pakistan as opposed to a standoff attack, there was a major fire at Pakistan Army Headquarters in Islamabad [Sharma011011]. The records of Pakistan Army officers who had or were now serving in Afghanistan were reported to have been conveniently lost. A similarly unfortunate fire hit ISI HQ after the Mehmood Ahmed links were published.

Post –911 attacks

There have been several attacks on US interests inside Pakistan before and since 9/11, including attacks on a prayer hall inside the diplomatic complex and blasts outside the Consulate in Karachi. We draw attention to attacks made outside Pakistan. On July 27, a US soldier was killed and 4 wounded near Jalalabad by remote-detonated explosives. US teams found "two electronic firing devices that could be set to a digital watch or a radio and activated by remote control. The circuit boards .. were made in Pakistan and similar devices had been used in other bombings and rocket attacks on U.S. personnel." [Mherald020828]

ISI – the link between the Pakistan Government and Global Terrorism

Reports abound on the primary role of the ISI in the Pakistani / Afghan terrorist enterprise. [TOI011009], [Sharma011011], [Mintz020802], [ADB020725], [NYT011208],[IndUK020721], [Kux2002], [Rashid010914], [UPI020129], [UPI020606] [ICG020729], all point to the clear links and indeed the identity between the religious fundamentalist groups, the terrorist groups, the Pakistan military and the ISI. What is left unstated is the proof that General Musharraf himself, and his immediate junta, control the ISI and give the orders. Fortunately, one needs to look no further than the statements made by the dictator himself, and his immediate friends and followers, to establish this link unambiguously. In [Lodhi020305] the Pakistani Ambassador to the US declares that the ISI is an arm of the Pakistan government, and does nothing without direct orders from the government. [Sehgal0112] explains the command structure of the ISI to emphasize the same point – the ISI does nothing except to carry out the orders of the Pakistan government. General Musharraf himself has vehemently repeated the same. Quoting the General [Hilton020808]: "Its unfortunate that the I.S.I. is targeted around the world. It's wrong and baseless. It does what the C.I.A. does, what RAW does, Mossad. It does what the government wants it do to. It is not a government within a government. The I.S.I. is manned by uniformed people. Especially when they answer to a commander-in-chief. I am the commander-in-chief." Thus the question of transferring responsibility for the terrorist attacks from the Al Qaeda to the Taliban and the other terror groups to the ISI to General Musharraf can be declared as "Q.E.D."

Discussion

Motives

[Blair011007]: " No other organisation has both the motivation and the capability to carry out attacks like those of the 11 September – only the Al Qaida network under Usama Bin Laden".

It is respectfully suggested that the PM should re-examine the logic of this statement, extending it one level higher. To quote General Musharraf [Hilton020808]: "I didn't think it possible that Osama sitting up there in the mountains could do it. He was perhaps the sponsor, the financier, the motivating force. But those who executed it were much more modern. They knew the US, they knew aviation. I don't think he has the intelligence or the minute planning. The planner was someone else."

Pakistan, on the other hand, is ruled by Musharraf's military dictatorship which has sent thousands of its people to death. The present junta used to be the junior officers of the Pak Army as it conducted the genocide of over 3 million of their own compatriots in East Pakistan in 1971 [Hrehman1971]. No other country in the world has a military dictatorship controlling a nuclear arsenal, protecting an enterprise of 10,000 "religious schools" which have produced 1.75 million brainwashed youths unemployable for anything other than rabid acts of violence. And Musharraf, most of all, has reason to hate the US. Rising through the ranks as a protégé of Islamist dictator Gen. Zia ul Haq, and as mentor of Osama bin Laden, Musharraf's bitterness at the military defeat of 1971 was multiplied by his failure in the battles of Siachen, and later in his grand plan to invade Kashmir under nuclear cover in 1999. He blames the US for that last defeat. President Clinton refused to back Pakistan, Musharraf's entire Northern Light Infantry Regiment got wiped out, and he escaped court martial only by conducting his coup d'etat. Musharraf's sidekick, Lt. Gen. Aziz, who was caught on tape telling Musharraf in 1999 that he controlled the occupiers of the Kargil heights ("we have the jehadis by the scruff of the neck"), is known as the "COAS" of the "Pakistan Army of Islam", a pseudonym for the Pakistan Armed forces deputed to run the Islamic jehad in Afghanistan and Kashmir. In 1998, President Clinton's cruise missiles retaliating for the Embassy attacks, hit the Harkat ul Mujaheddin camps inside Pakistan, as much as those inside Afghanistan [Yomari990107].

Coupled with this bitterness is the prime motivation of the terror enterprise, which must be financial. Pakistan appears to be controlled by two or three huge financial organizations which operate for the benefit of the senior military and their interests. Viewed as such, the various components of the terror enterprise come together. The madarssas and the preachings of religious leaders such as Masood Azhar and bin Laden generate the popular support and grassroots fundraising. Rich businessmen, Mideast potentates and oil tycoons contribute to the Cause, and successful terror attacks on the seemingly impregnable western establishment impress these tycoons as much as they impress the recruit base of Islamic youth from all over the world. Training camps and indoctrination centers are essential to this enterprise, turning impressionable youngsters into suicide terrorists. The "secular" military establishment focuses on organizing, training and equipping these diverse components. An in-depth look at this enterprise, and the identity of cause and command between the Al Qaeda, ISI, the Pakistan Army of Islam and the Pakistan Armed Forces, is beyond the scope of this article.

One might also consider General Musharraf's notion of honesty. When he declares that "there is no cross-border terrorism" the General's argument is that the Line of Control is not an International Border – and the Indian State of Jammu-Kashmir belongs to him anyway – and killing Indians is not terrorism to him. Likewise, when he defends the ISI, his argument may be that the power behind Al Qaeda is not the ISI – it is the Pakistan Army of Islam, an umbrella group of senior officers encompassing the Armed Forces, the ISI, the terror groups, the Taliban, Al Qaeda and the madarssas.

Claims of Pakistani government enthusiasm in terrorist arrests should be viewed against this snippet from [Dtimes020724]: "The man who turned in Ramzi Ahmed Yousef to the Americans was a Pakistani codenamed 'Hamid,' who now lives in the United States with his wife and one child under the Witness Protection Programme, richer by the two million dollars he received as his "finder's fee." This perhaps accurately captures the motivation method which the US uses on the top officers of the Pakistan junta – they have so far "found" the Pakistan Northern Light Infantry Regiment which invaded Kargil and never returned, the Taliban, the ten thousand Pakistani youths who went to Afghanistan, and the thousands of Pakistani military men who perished in General Rashid Dostum's alleged "Container Express". The madarssas and terror groups are perhaps in line for similar "findings" by the Generals.

Timing

Why on 9/11/2001? Was it just the end of the long preparations? The early report of Atta extending his house lease in Florida by a month at the end of August, suggests an unexpected delay – or an order to not renew for a longer lease (why, given that the lessor could do nothing about an early termination?) Sep. 11 has been associated with the anniversary of the US Congress accepting Jewish settlers' claims to Palestine in the 1920s – but what if the flying and media weather were not perfect and the WTC / Pentagon were not clearly visible? Another explanation is that the US administration had decided, a week before Sep. 11, to proceed with a comprehensive counter-terrorism plan prepared under the previous (Clinton) administration. This plan would have included tighter coordination between federal agencies in tracing financial links and terrorist movements. Did this imminent threat trigger several plans from the portfolio on a "use it or lose it" basis? See the incompetent Shoe Bomber, Dirty Bomber, Bridge Bombers, Industrial Mixers, etc. discussed above. This of course would imply that Al Qaeda was warned of the impending action by leaks from the US – which brings us to General Mehmood Ahmed's visit to the US in the week before 9/11.

We cannot know the intent of Gen. Ahmed's visit – and of USA Lt. Gen. T. Franks' trip to Pakistan from which he is reported to have turned back on 9/11. In retrospect, it is likely that the discussions included the US plan to implement the new counter-terrorism plan – and demanding Pakistani cooperation. We can only speculate on the transmission of those discussions to the terrorist enterprise. We can however observe General Ahmed's achievements. On Sep. 11, he managed to deflect the rising American anger off Pakistan and on to Afghanistan. At the same time, he managed to sell the US Administration on Pakistan's indispensable role as the "Frontline Ally" for the US to have any hope of preventing further attacks with weapons of mass destruction, keeping the ISI very much in the middle [WN020227] – and get paid handsomely for their efforts. The General and his boss Gen. Musharraf must congratulate themselves on the success of this grand extortion scheme.

An alternative explanation of the timing may be glimpsed from a snapshot of the Pakistan junta's predicament in the summer of 2001. The Taliban were under tight UN sanctions, which were being violated only by Pakistan (Note: arms convoys to the Taliban from Pakistan continued even during the US air strikes!) Pakistan's economy was in a downward spiral, with its foreign exchange reserves down below $400M or one month's reserve. Musharraf was scheduled to visit the US in the 3rd week of September. As that date approached, it was clear that the US administration, Congress, the World Bank, the Commonwealth and the G-8 were in no mood to oblige him with debt-rescheduling, F-16s, relaxation of sanctions, or increased economic aid. The lease extension takes on new significance when viewed in the context of Musharraf's declining prospects for a productive visit to the US – which was critical to his coup-free survival in Islamabad. With Saudi interest in bin Laden waning, and the Chinese becoming wary with Uighur terrorists being trained in Pakistan, the junta had to find a rich payer of protection money for "cooperation in fighting terrorism". Within 6 months after 9/11, Pakistan's foreign exchange reserves were reported up over $6 Billion, though their exports had plummeted and imports risen as the economy stayed depressed and businesspeople and tourists were scared away. This windfall was explained in the Pakistani press and by former PM Benazir Bhutto as an operation where Pakistan sent "couriers with suitcases" to the MidEast to buy dollars for 240 billion Pakistani rupees – a patently absurd explanation.

Table 1 summarizes the reports on Pakistani involvement in terror attacks on the USA. The list is obviously long, and the Pakistani role is pervasive. It is obvious that Pakistan has been deeply and inseparably involved in the Taliban and the Al Qaeda – and as such bears responsibility for the 9/11 terrorist attacks. Indirect evidence comes from the plethora of reports. Nearly every terror plot directed against the US and its interests has a strong link to Pakistani training, equipment, and personnel. If 9/11 was not Pakistan-organized, it must have been a rare exception.

Table 1: Summary of Pakistan links to terrorist attacks on America

Perpetrators and conspirators:

1. Jaish-e-Muhammed mullah Masood Azhar linked to attacks on Americans in Somalia.

2. 1993 WTC bomber Ramzi Youssef traced to Pakistan; tied to 1995 plot to bomb 12 US airliners. Pakistani arrested in Phillippines with explosives in apartment, tied to airline bombing plot.

3. Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, Pakistani, on FBI Wanted alert, related to 9/11, Razmi Youssef and Tunisian synagogue bombing.

4. Tunisian suicide bomber Nawar traced to Pakistan training camp in 2000/2001. Receives $20K from Pakistani sources.

5. Would-be LAX bomber (Algerian native) reveals Pak coordination and reporting locations.

6. Abu Zubeidah, Al Qaeda coordinator of LAX bomb plot, lived in Faisalabad, Pakistan.

7. 1993 Bombay commercial district bombings (over 300 dead) – Dawood Ibrahim sheltered from Interpol in house near Musharraf's residence. TIME journalist harassed for reporting his location.

8. East Africa embassy bombing coordinator flew home to Pakistan, 1998; Kenyan suspect Sheikh Ahmed Salim found in Karachi, July 2002.

9. Terror training camps found related to embassy bombings –Harkat-ul-Ansar camps hit by US cruise missiles in 1998 were inside Pakistan.

10. Fatal hijacking – PanAm 73, Karachi, 1986. Hijacker(s) allowed to escape; caught in 2002 and put on trial.

11. Fatal hijacking IC814, Dec.99– hijackers now in Pakistan, sought as part of Daniel Pearl murder gang. Dress rehearsal for 9/11 – modus operandi included slitting throats of passengers, and commercial-pilot-trained hijackers expert in hand-to-hand combat.

12. Mohammed Atta's classmate at Hamburg engg. School, 97-2000 was PAF Sqn. Ldr.

13. PAF Sqn Ldr replaced by Atta's cousin – 9/11 hijacker when PAF officer's brother died.

14. Omar Shaikh traced to ISI / Gen. Mehmood Ahmed links. Wired first $100K to Atta in summer 2000 on Ahmed's orders: cell phone call intercept.

15. Atta's pilot-trainee Pak classmate denied entry to US; meets with Atta and another Pak terrorist in Spain, July 10, 2001.

16. Zacarias Moussaoui trained in Pakistan.

17. Moussaoui came from Pakistan to London & US with $35K in 2001; sought B747 training.

18. Bin Laden's personal pilot reported to be former PAF officer.

19. Pak terror cells arrested in France, Miami.

20. Pakistani in a hurry to get 25 photos of WTC developed, 2 weeks before 9/11.

21. Pakistanis arrested on fraud; bogus company that bought industrial chemical mixer.

22. Richard Reid (accused Shoe Bomber) trained and received final instructions from Pakistan; related Pak cell arrested in France.

23. Jose Padilla (accused Dirty Bomber) trained and came to US from Pakistan; Pak associates arrested in US.

24. John Walker Lindh (American Taliban) trained in Pakistan-Occupied Kashmir.

25. Singapore US embassy bomb plot: Kuwaiti-Canadian suspect indoctrinated in Pakistan.

26. Previous bombing plots had Pak coordinators; Afghan camps had Pak military instructors.

Official Pakistani Government Links to Terrorist Organizations

27. Dominant Pakistani role in Taliban Afghanistan

28. Pak sponsorship of Osama bin Laden's return to Afghanistan, 1996 via drug lord

29. Pak govt sponsorship of terror camps on both sides of the Pak-Afghan border.

30. Pak acquiesence in Osama's Fatwas against the US – 1996 and '98; Bin Laden proclamation in '98 of "God's Order to Kill Americans" in Peshawar, Pakistan.

31. Pak Lt. Gen. Aziz reported head of "Pakistan Army of Islam" running terror camps.

32. Pak military instructors for terror trainees in A'stan - FlightSim and training manuals found in A'Stan; IC814 hijack plot material found in Kabul house; hijackers and Omar Shaikh found living in Pakistan.

33. Kolkatta US Consulate attack organizer Aftab Ansari put kidnap ransom money in account which paid $100K to Atta.

34. ISI Chief Mehmood Ahmed reported to have ordered Omar Shaikh to send money to Atta

35. Omar Shaikh reportedly receives balance of funds wired by Atta & gang on 9/11 from Ansari Bank; flies back to Pakistan.

36. Pakistan Lt.Gen. Hamid Gul – fired ISI chief – virulently anti-American terror camp organizer – in Afghanistan for weeks; returns to party at ISI HQ, meeting Musharraf on 9/09 after Northern Alliance leader Masood was assassinated.

37. 9/12 emergency military evacuation from Afghanistan to Pakistan completed within far too little time to have been thought up after 9/11 attacks.

38. Timing – Atta extends lease for 30 days as Musharraf visit to US looks headed for disaster.

39. Pak envoy M. Lodhi asserts that the ISI does not act without government authorization.

40. General Musharraf takes full responsibility for ISI actions – repeatedly and vehemently.

The direct pointers suggest that there was no exception. The timeline of the 9/11 plot as seen from the media reports is laid out in Table 2. This shows some interesting aspects. It appears that the plot began to hatch at the same time as the Musharraf junta took over Pakistan. The link to the funding sources from kidnapping and arms smuggling appear to be strong. The most important pieces of evidence so far, directly related to the 9/11 attacks are:

1. Pak Army / ISI Taliban nexus, making Pakistan directly responsible for Taliban actions.

2. Aftab Ansari's declaration of how kidnap ransom/ arms profits were deposited in the account from where payments were transferred to Mohammed Atta, along with clear links between Ansari and Omar Saeed Shaikh.

3. The intercepted cell-phone call from General Mehmood Ahmed, director of the ISI, to Omar Shaikh Saeed to start the money transfers to the hijackers.

4. The transfers of balances from the hijackers to the Al Ansari exchange in Sharjah on 9/9-9/11.

5. Omar Shaikh Saeed's movements traced from Pakistan to the Al Ansari institution in Sharjah, withdrawal of funds received from the hijackers, and return to Pakistan on 9/11.

6. The "substitution" of Marwan Al Shehhi (Atta's cousin) for PAF Sqn Ldr. Bin Mansoor when the latter had only gone home to attend his brother's military funeral. This makes sense for a military organization which replaces a suicide mission trainee when his last sibling dies (as explained in the movie "Saving Private Ryan"), and cannot tell him why technical school is suicidal compared to flying PAF fighters on the Indian border. It also indicates that the Saudi hijackers and the PAF officer received funds and orders from the same source. The reported FBI "interest" in talking to the PAF suggests that the FBI have not dropped that angle – including the real identity of "Atta".

7. The curious behavior of the alleged terrorists at various "flight schools" –contrasted with the "professional" skill exhibited on 9/11.

8. Pakistani start of Zacarias Moussauoi's journey to the UK and then US – with terrorist training and $35K in cash – to join the other 9/11 hijackers, after Binalsbih (bin Al-Shaibah) failed to get a visa to America.

9. ISI complicity in assassinating Ahmed Shah Masood. Party at ISI HQ same night –9/09 with Musharraf and Hamid Gul attending. The coincidence (?) that the first "All Systems Are Go" payment from the hijackers in Boston came in to Shaikh Saeed in Dubai on Sep.9.

10. The impossibly short lead-time for the airlift of military personnel / equipment from Afghanistan to Pakistan on 9/12. This is a critical piece of evidence. It appears that the orders to conduct the evacuation must have been triggered by the final return of money, by the various hijackers, on Sep. 9 through 11th, Pakistan time. US retaliation of some sort against Afghanistan was expected, making the airlift essential. The airlift had to be timed well because of the danger in leaving the northern frontlines exposed to the Northern Alliance Forces, despite the murder of their leader Masood on September 9.

11. The flight of "Binalsbih" (Ramzi bin Al-Shaibah) and Said Bahaji to Pakistan on Sep. 5.

Table 2: Timeline Related to the 9/11 attacks

'97- '99

Atta and PAF Sqn Ldr classmates at Hamburg.

Aug. 99

PAF Sqn Ldr. returns to Pak; replaced by Marwan Al Shehhi.

Oct. 99

Musharraf coup. Gen. Mehmood Ahmed appointed ISI chief.

Dec.99-Jan.00

Atta and 2 classmates train in Afghanistan.

IC814 hijacked to Kandahar using 9/11 modus operandi.

Omar Shaikh & Masood Azhar freed.

Terrorist meeting at Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

Summer 2000

Shaikh Saeed introduces Aftab Ansari to L-e-T chief Hafeez Sayeed - kidnap scheme developed to fund terror.

Mehmood Ahmed phone call– orders Shaikh to wire $100K to Atta from Ansari account.

$110K appears in accounts of Atta and Marwan Al Shehhi.

Nov. 2000



Ansari gang holds Indian jeweler to $850K ransom.

Jan/Feb.01

Moussaoui leaves Pakistan, goes to London and then US w/ $35,000 cash.

July 01

Meeting between Atta, Bin Al Shabai, Said Bahaji and others in Spain. Bin Al Shabai unable to go to USA due to repeated visa refusal.

Hijack gang arrives in US.

Ansari gang holds Indian Shoe merchant to ransom.

Summer 01

$375K passes through hijacker's bank accounts in US.

August:01

Atta extends house lease by 1 month.

Sep. 3

ISI Chief Gen. Mehmood Ahmed arrives in Washington for "discussions".

Sep. 5

Bin Al Shabai and Said Bahaji flee to Pakistan.

Sep. 8

(Boston: Sep.9, Pakistan time). Atta wires money to Sharjah.

Sep. 9:
Masood assassinated in Afghanistan; Musharraf at ISI HQ party; meets Hamid Gul on return from Afghanistan. Waleed AlShehri wires $5215 from Boston to Sharjah (Ansari bank). Atta also sends money.

Musharraf orders airlift from Taliban?

Sep. 10

Al-Shehhi wires $5400 to "Ahmad" (Omar Shaikh)

Sep. 11

"Ahmad" (Omar Shaikh) picks up transfers at Al Ansari exchange, Sharjah; flies back to Karachi

Sep. 11

(evening, Pak time) 911 attacks occur. Musharraf at party; informed.



Sep. 12

(Morning, Pak time):Islamabad & other Pak airports closed – heavy military traffic – airlift from Afghanistan arrives.

The question remains: "If the US knows all this, why are they not attacking Pakistan or arresting the junta leaders?" Theories abound on this. The most sanguine is that the US administration has some people near the top whose deep knowledge of Pakistan and Afghanistan permits them to implement sophisticated policies, where they essentially force or pay the leaders of the terror gang to sell out all their accomplices, and thus systematically dismantle the terror apparatus from the bottom up. It would be remarkable if such a policy survived the emotions and pressures of 9/11/2001. Theories exploring other scenarios may be found in [Choss0111A]. It is noted that General Mehmood Ahmed, far from being a "rogue Islamist General" is a trusted associate of General Musharraf, his loyalty established through his support in the coup of 1999, and given the top spot in the ISI to replace Gen. Ziauddin, whom Musharraf had arrested. As of early September 11, 2002, no top leaders of Al Qaeda are under arrest – Abu Zubeidah the middle manager in terror recruiting, and Muttawakil, the Taliban minister, are the topmost captives to-date. Table 3 lists various names associated with the 9/11 plot as a primer for the reader.

Table3: Names related to the 9/11 terrorist plot

· Abadin, Zein al. See "Abu Zubeidah"

· Ahmed, Mehmood: Lt. General, Pakistan Army. Appointed chief of ISI by General Musharraf after 1999 coup. Transferred in 2001 to the Corps Commanders' Council.

· Ahmad, Mustafa Muhammad: Pseudonym of person who wired $100K to and received balance from Mohammed Atta near 9/11. See "Omar Shaikh Saeed"

· Ansari, Aftab: Alleged kidnapper/ arms smuggler. Organized terror attack at American Center, Kolkotta, Dec.2001. Pak passport; extradited to India by Dubai. Alleged to have funded account where O. Saeed wired $100K to the 9/11 hijackers. Linked to Al Ansari Exchange, Sharjah, where Atta and Al Shehhi wired money on Sep.9&10, 2001.

· Atef, Mohammed: Alleged military chief of Al Qaeda. Believed killed in US air raid.

· Atta, Mohammed: Alleged leader of 9/11 hijackers.

Bahaji, Said: Alleged associate whom Atta met in Tarrogonna, Spain, July 10, 2001. Flew to Pakistan Sep.5, 2001 and believed hiding there. Wanted.

Bin Al-Shaibah, Ramzi. Alleged Yemeni classmate of M. Atta, denied entry into US.

· Binalshibh, Ramzi. See "bin Al-Shaibah, Ramzi". Believed to be in Pakistan. Wanted.

· Bin Laden, Osama: Saudi billionaire turned preacher; organizer of Al Qaeda.

· Bin Mansoor, Atif Ahmed: Sqn Ldr., Pakistan Air Force. Reportedly classmate of Mohammed Atta at Hamburg Technische Hochschule, 1997-2000 before arrival of Marwan Al Shehhi

· Gul, Hamid: Former chief of ISI. Fired in 1989 after US concerns about terrorist links.

· Hasnain, Mansur: An alleged hijacker of IC814. Sought in Pakistan for murder of Daniel Pearl.

· Husnain, Ghulam: Karachi TIME stringer who reported story on Dawood Ibrahim living in Pakistan near Musharraf's residence. Harassed by ISI; escaped to the West.

· Khan,Aziz: Lt. General, Pak. Army; Musharraf's assistant in Kargil debacle; caught on tape telling Musharraf about control of " mujaheddin"; Said to be chief of "Pak Army of Islam".

· Masood, Ahmed Shah: Leader of Afghan Resistance to Soviet invasion. After Soviets left, led Northern Alliance. Assasinated Sep. 9, 2001 by suicide bomber.

· Mohammed, Khaled al-Sheikh.Pakistan-born, Kuwaiti resident. Wanted related to 9-11 attacks. Believed to be uncle of Ramzi Youssef.

· Moussaoui, Zacarias: Tried by US as "20th hijacker" in 9/11 plot. Algerian-French.

· Omar (Mullah): Taliban leader. Absconding after October 7, 2001.

· Saeed, Omar Shaikh: Member, Harkat-ul-Mujaheddin; also associated with Jaish-e-Mohammed and ISI Chief General Mehmood Ahmed. British citizen, arrested for kidnap & murder in India, 1994, freed as ransom for IC814, Jan. 2000, Alleged conveyor for funds to and from 9/11 hijackers. Sentenced to death for murder of Daniel Pearl.

· Saleem, Sheikh Ahmed: "bin Laden's financial advisor". Sudan national; arrested July 12, 2002 in Karachi, suspected in attack on US Consulate.

· Sayeed, "Professor" Haffez: Pakistani leader of "Lashkar-e-Toiba", renamed "Lashkar-e-Jhangvi" after US named L-e-T as a foreign terrorist organization. Allegedly conspired with Ansari to use kidnappings to fund terrorism.

· Siddiqui, Imtiaz: See "Mansur Hasnain"

· Youssef, Ramzi: In US jail, convicted of roles in 1993 WTC bombing, and planning 1995 plot to blow up US airliners over the Pacific.

· Zubeidah, Abu, a.k.a. Zein al Abadin: Pakistan based, accused Al Qaeda coordinator of 1999 LAX bomb plot & East African embassy bombings. Arrested by US in Faisalabad.



Conclusion

In this paper, we have used the statement of "evidence" presented by the Western Allies as rationale for their attacks on Afghanistan. From the logic and evidence presented by Prime Minister Blair, supplemented with other information which became available before and after September 2001, we can see that bin Laden and Al Qaeda are specific players inside a larger organization – and that organization is the same as that which runs the Pakistan government. The accumulated mass of reports from all over the world present a picture of a global menace from Pakistan–trained, equipped and ordered terrorists. This menace is far from being over. Added to the weight of these indirect pointers, specific evidence on money transfers and the timing of the emergency evacuation from Afghanistan, exposes several links of a chain tying the top levels of the Pakistan government to the horrific attacks of September 11, 2001.
 

Vinod2070

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you are so ignorant. Prithvi, agni and akash missiles are named after the elements (earth, fire and space), it is not named after prithvi raj chauhan, as you post is suggesting.
I can't imagine some Pakistanis still clinging to this canard.

Would you make heroes out of the killers of your own forefathers just because you had a terrible paranoia by a brainwashed Arab or Afghan wannabe!
 

sayareakd

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I have seen the video and glories past of the Pakistani army shows, that they have surrender to other army in past, therefore i am not at all surprised by the video.

Even in future, if this kind of news arrives i dont think, any one will be surprised at all (based on past conduct).

surprising is the fact that, this time this PA is equipped with nuclear weapons, still they have chosen to repeat history.

I really wonder, if the time come when, they will surrender their nuclear weapons to some one. (USA, India, UN, Taliban or Osama)
 

ajtr

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EMO,
and kasab cant be history coz....

The Ideologies of South Asian Jihadi Groups

by Husain Haqqani

Current Trends in Islamist Ideology vol. 1


ALTHOUGH AN OVERWHELMING majority of South Asian Muslims has practiced several variations of Sufi Islam over history, the region has been home to minority puritanical movements resisting "un-Islamic influences" or non-Muslim rule. Most jihadi movements in South Asia have grown out of these Islamic revivalist movements. In recent years, jihad has been used by the fragile Pakistani state to bolster its national identity against India. Pakistan's crucial role as the staging ground for the anti-Soviet Jihad in Afghanistan created a nexus between Pakistan's military and secret services, which was heightened by the state sponsorship of jihad against India in the disputed territory of Jammu and Kashmir. Several jihadi groups have emerged over the last two decades in Pakistan and Kashmir, occasionally spreading operations into parts of India. Some offshoots of radical Islamist movements in Bangladesh have also embraced jihadi ideology and rhetoric in recent years, increasing the prospect of militancy and terrorism in Bangladesh.
Sources of Islamism in South Asia
Until the decline of the Mughal Empire in the eighteenth century, Muslim rulers presided over South Asian kingdoms in which the majority of their subjects were Hindus. The exigencies of Muslim ascendancy in a non-Muslim environment demanded religious tolerance by the rulers and resulted in syncretism in the religion as practiced by local Muslims. Unlike in the Middle East, enforcement of Shariah in historic India was never complete.But Muslim ulema, muftis and qadis as well as laymen enjoyed a position of relative prestige as co-religionists of the rulers.
The rise of British rule, culminating in the formal addition of India to the British Empire after 1857, marked the end of the privileged position of Muslims. The Muslim community's response to the gradual decline in Muslim political power came in the form of revivalist movements seeking to sharpen an Islamic identity. South Asia's Islamist political movements trace their inspiration back to Shaykh Ahmed Sirhandi's challenge in the sixteenth century to the ecumenism of Mughal emperor Akbar.
In the nineteenth century, the first jihadi group emerged in India and operated in the country's northwest frontier, including parts of present-day Pakistan and Afghanistan. This puritanical militant movement fought the region's Sikh rulers. The rise of British power simply changed the militants' target. The movement's founder, Sayyid Ahmed of Bareili, organized cells throughout India to supply the frontier movement with men and money.Calling themselves "mujahidin," the movement's followers interpreted the Islamic concept of jihad in its literal sense of holy war. Sayyid Ahmed of Bareili (not to be confused with Sir Sayyid Ahmed Khan, the reformer) had been influenced by the ideas of Muhammad ibn-Abdul Wahhab, to which he had been exposed during his pilgrimage to Mecca. He called for a return to early Islamic purity and the re-establishment of Muslim political power. Sayyid Ahmed's revival of the ideology of jihad became the prototype for subsequent Islamic militant movements in South and Central Asia and is also the main influence over the jihad network of al-Qaeda and its associated groups in the region.
The influence of Sayyid Ahmed's ideas and practices on South Asian Islamists is visible in recent jihad literature in Pakistan, which invariably draws parallels between British colonial rule in the nineteenth century and U.S. domination since the end of the twentieth. Unlike in Sayyid Ahmed's time, today's jihad battlefield is not limited to a single geographic area. Nor are the various mujahid cells dependent on handwritten messages delivered by couriers riding (and hiding) for thousands of miles. Modern communications facilitate jihad without frontiers. After all, the enemy is also global in reach.And despite the differences in technology, the nineteenth-century mujahidin remain the role model for today's jihadis, who make up an international network aimed at waging holy war at a time when the majority of Muslims seek to synthesize their faith with modern living.
But the revivalist ideas of Shaykh Ahmed Sirhandi and the jihadi ideology of Sayyid Ahmed of Bareili alone do not explain the rise of modern jihadis. Even the large number of South Asian Muslims who embraced western learning under British rule were influenced by revivalist ideas to the extent of seeking a separate identity from South Asia's Muslims, a process that was somewhat accelerated by the demand for and creation of Pakistan.
The emergence of Pakistan as an independent state in 1947 was the culmination of decades of debate and divisions among Muslims in British India about their collectivefuture. The concept of a Muslim-majority Pakistan rested on the notion that India'sMuslims constituted a separate nation from non-Muslim Indians. Although the Islamistsdid not like the westernized leadership that sought Pakistan, and in some cases activelyopposed the campaign for Pakistan, the lack of religious orthodoxy among Pakistan'sfounders did not prevent them from seeking the revival of Islam's lost glory in SouthAsia. In fact, the creation of a Muslim-majority state provided them with a betterenvironment to pursue their ideas.
Soon after independence, Pakistan's Constituent Assembly declared in 1949 that South Asian Muslims had created Pakistan for the principal objective of "ordering their lives in accordance with the teachings and requirements of Islam." Prominent individuals within the government mooted proposals for adopting Arabic as the national language, and of changing the script of the Bengali language from its Sanskrit base to an Arabic-Persian one. The president of the ruling Muslim League announced that Pakistan would bring all Muslim countries together into "Islamistan"—a pan-Islamic entity. In 1949, the Pakistani government also sponsored the World Muslim Conference presided over by the Grand Mufti of Palestine, Amin al-Husseini, to promote Pan-Islamism. This conference led to the formation of the Motamar al-Alam al-Islami (Muslim World Congress), which has since played a crucial role in building up the feeling of Muslim victimization that has subsequently fed the global Islamist movement.
Since the creation of Pakistan, Islamist groups have been sponsored and supported by Pakistan's state machinery at different times to influence domestic politics and shore up Pakistani national identity, which is periodically threatened by sub-national ethnic challenges. The Islamists have also helped support the Pakistani military's political dominance. Islamists have been allies in the Pakistan military's efforts to seek "strategic depth" in Afghanistan—a euphemism for Pakistan's efforts to make Afghanistan a client state of Pakistan—and to put pressure on India for negotiations over the future of Kashmir, the Muslim majority Himalayan region that has been disputed by India and Pakistan since their partition.
Pakistan's state institutions, notably national security institutions such as the military and the intelligence services, have played a leading role in building Pakistani national identity on the basis of religion since Pakistan's emergence. This political commitment to an "ideological state" gradually evolved into a strategic commitment to the jihadi ideology, especially during and after the Bangladesh war of 1971. Then, the Pakistani military used the Islamist's idiom and the help of Islamist groups to keep elected secular leaders supported by the majority Bengali-speaking population out of power. A Bengali rebellion and brutal suppression of the Bengalis by the military followed. In the 1971 war the country was bifurcated, leading to the birth of an independent Bangladesh.
In the original country's western wing, the effort to create national cohesion between Pakistan's disparate ethnic and linguistic groups through religion took on greater significance and its manifestations became more militant. Religious groups, both armed and unarmed, have become gradually more powerful as a result of this alliance between the mosque and the military.Radical and violent manifestations of Islamist ideology, which sometimes appear to threaten Pakistan's stability, are in some ways a state project gone wrong.
Given Pakistan's status as an ideological state, Islamic political groups of all kinds have proliferated in the country and several of them have received state patronage at one time or another. Others have operated independently or with the support of fellow Islamist groups outside the country. The organized jihadi movements that have been militarily active since the anti-Soviet Afghan Jihad can be classified into three groups. The first of these groups is centered on the Jamaat-e-Islami (Islamic Society) founded by Islamist scholar Maulana Abul Ala Maududi in 1941. The second group includes the Deobandi movements that arose from the austere interpretations of Islam emanating from the Deoband madrasa of Northern India, which was founded in 1867 to protect Muslims from being seduced by Western materialism. The third group of South Asian jihadis is Wahhabi, which is influenced by the doctrine of Muhammad ibn-Abdul Wahhab and almost invariably funded by Saudi Arabia.
Jamaat-e-Islami and its Jihadi Offshoots
The Jamaat-e-Islami is an Islamist party similar to the Arab Muslim Brotherhood, with which it has both ideological and organizational links. It has operated over the decades as a political party, a social welfare organization, a pan-Islamic network and the sponsor of militant groups fighting in Afghanistan and Kashmir. For years, Jamaat-e-Islami was the major recipient of Saudi assistance in Pakistan, until its current leadership failed to support the Kingdom in the 1991 Gulf War. Although relations between the Saudi government and Jamaat-e-Islami have since been repaired, the disagreement between them in the early 1990s led the Saudis to divert support from Jamaat-e-Islami to Deobandi and Wahhabi groups for a period, somewhat diminishing Jamaat-e-Islami's status as the dominant Islamist group in South Asia.
The founder of Jamaat-e-Islami, Abul Ala Maududi (1903-1979), was a prolific writer. In his books and pamphlets, running into over one hundred in number including a six-volume commentary on the Quran, Maududi laid out an elaborate ideological vision. He argued that Islam was as much a political ideology as it is a religion and that the basic division in the world was between "Islam and un-Islam." Maududi critiqued all un-Islamic ideologies, including socialism, communism, secularism and capitalism. He described the political system of Islam as "theo-democracy"—a system in which o.-cials would be elected but would be subject to divine laws interpreted by the theologically learned.
The Islamic ideology, according to Maududi, carried forward the mission of the Prophets, which he described as follows:
1. To revolutionize the intellectual and mental outlook of humanity and to instill the Islamic attitude towards life and morality to such an extent that their way of thinking, ideal of life, and standards of values and behavior become Islamic;
2. To regiment all such people who have accepted Islamic ideals and molded their lives after the Islamic pattern with a view to struggling for power and seizing it by the use of all available means and equipment;
3. To establish Islamic rule and organize the various aspect of social life on Islamic bases, to adopt such means as will widen the sphere of Islamic influence in the world, and to arrange for the moral and intellectual training, by contact and example, of all those people who enter the fold of Islam from time to time. Maududi also laid out a stage-by-stage strategy for Islamic revolution in his many speeches and writings. His first major book, Al-Jihad fil-Islam (Jihad in Islam), defined the various ways and means of struggle for the perfect Islamic state. In other books, Maududi described the social, economic and political principles of Islam.
The Jamaat-e-Islami adopted a cadre-based structure similar to that of communist parties. It built alliances with Islamist parties in other countries, recruited members through a network of schools and hoped to serve as the vanguard of a gradual Islamic revolution. Though the party's call for Islamic revolution did not have mass appeal, its social service infrastructure helped create a well-knit, nation-wide organization within a few years of partition in 1947. After the creation of Pakistan, Jamaat-e-Islami divided its organization into two entities—one based in India, the other in Pakistan. The Indian branch refrained from directly participating in electoral politics, and focused instead on developing pious cadres for the eventual transformation of the region into an Islamic state. In Pakistan, Jamaat-e-Islami participated in elections with poor results until 2002, when it formed an alliance with other Islamist groups and won a significant share of seats in parliament and two provincial legislatures.
The Jamaat-e-Islami's real opportunity in Pakistan lay in working with the new state's elite, gradually expanding the Islamic agenda while providing the theological rationale for the Pakistani elite's plans for nation building on the basis of religion. Jamaat-e-Islami's cadres among students, trade unions and professional organizations, as well as its focus on building its own media, made it a natural ally for those within the government who thought that Pakistan's survival as a state required a religious anchor.
The Jamaat-e-Islami's first foray into military jihad came in 1971, when its cadres sided with the Pakistan army in opposing independence for Bangladesh. Jamaat-e-Islami members were organized in two militant groups, Al-Badr and Al-Shams, and were trained by the Pakistani army to carry out operations against Bangladesh nationalists seeking separation from Pakistan.In the initial years after Bangladesh's independence, this role of the Jamaate-Islami prevented the movement from assuming an overt political role in Bangladesh, but the organization has since revived and is now part of the ruling coalition in Bangladesh. Although the Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami is occasionally accused of using its muscle against political opponents, it operates within the country's political system and appears to have opted against direct participation in military jihad. Other Bangladeshi Islamist groups including some offshoots of the Jamaat-e-Islami have been alleged to have developed links with global terrorist networks such as al-Qaeda.
The collaboration with the Pakistan army in what turned out to be a lost battle in what was then Eastern Pakistan helped Jamaat-e-Islami forge closer links with the Pakistani military and intelligence services. These links led to the organization's close identi.cation with the Islamizing military regime of General Ziaul Haq (1977-1988). Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan was directly involved in supporting the Afghan mujahideen operating out of Pakistan, maintaining close ties with Gulbeddin Hikmatyar's Hizbe Islami (Islamic Party) and Burhanuddin Rabbani's Jamiat-e-Islami (Islamic Society). Both of these Afghan Jihadi groups adopted the ideological precepts of Pakistan's Jamaate-Islami, which influenced Hikmatyar's anti-Western bent during and after the anti-Soviet struggle.
During the period of the war against the Soviets, Jamaat-e-Islami was able to build a significant infrastructure, including madrasas, businesses and charities with the help ofgenerous financial contributions from the governments and private individuals in the Gulf States. Jamaat-e-Islami played host to many of the foreign, mainly Arab, mujahideen thatcame to Pakistan to participate in Afghanistan's jihad. Jamaat-e-Islami's own cadres also received training alongside the foreign and Afghan fighters and several Pakistani young men fought the Soviets inside Afghanistan. By the time of the Soviet withdrawal, Jamaat-e-Islami had developed ties with Islamist groups throughout the world. Islamist liberation movements seeking redress of perceived and real grievances in places remote from Pakistan, such as Chechnya, Bosnia and Southern Philippines congregated in Pakistan. The Jamaat-e-Islami raised funds for these groups and provided military training for their members, in addition to allowing its own younger members to participate in Jihad around the world.
From 1989, Jamaat-e-Islami has actively participated in the militancy in Jammu and Kashmir with the full backing of Pakistan's inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) and the Pakistan military. To maintain a distinction between Jamaat-e-Islami, the ideological-political group, and militant or terrorist out-.ts, several jihad-speci.c organizations were created. The most prominent of these is the Hizbul Mujahideen (The Party of Holy Warriors). For years, Hizbul Mujahideen avoided the terrorist label by taking care that its target in Kashmir could be identi.ed as military, as opposed to civilian, targets. Even the United States acknowledged this distinction and spared Hizbul Mujahideen from designation as a terrorist group. Post 9/11 developments have diminished such distinctions. Under pressure from the United States, the Pakistan government has restricted Hizbul Mujahideen's freedom of operation in planning and executing attacks against India. There is no doubt, however, that Hizbul Mujahideen retains the capacity to attack targets in Indian-controlled Kashmir and Jamaat-e-Islami's trained militant cadre remains intact.
Although Jamaat-e-Islami can be described as being sympathetic to the aims of various Jihadi movements, it has taken care not to cross the line from being primarily an ideological-political movement—"the vanguard of the Islamic revolution," in Maududi's words. The party's ideological journal, Tarjuman al-Quran, explained the need for caution in approaching the issue of military jihad, implying that there was no sense in attracting massive military retaliation when political options were available. According to one editorial in the journal:
Muslim rulers sheepishly follow the steps of their Western masters. They ful.ll their political and economic interests. In retaliation if some people resort to force, they are branded as terrorists. These rulers are promoting non-Islamic culture and crushing Islamic forces in their own as well as their masters' interests. How to work for the supremacy of [faith] is then a problem of universal extent. There has been an element of disunity in some movements on this issue, due to which some extremist-armed groups have sprung up in small niches. Excesses by such groups have sometimes been reported from some places. Using the excuse of these groups' violations, the hostile rulers are crushing Islamic movements. At places where these movements are cautious and not providing any such opportunity, the antagonists are trying to create [an] atmosphere so as to crush them, e.g. in Pakistan "¦Confused thinking, particularly when it is based on despair instead of reasoning and thinking, diffuses strength for action. This can lead to disastrous consequences "¦ for so long as doors are open for peaceful preaching of Islam's message and the required result to bring change is satisfactory, and for so long as the public opinion for an Islamic revolution is not mobilized, one [does] not qualify to pick up arms for Jihad.
Aside from its involvement in the conflicts in Afghanistan and Kashmir, Jamaat-e-Islami appears unwilling to acknowledge any direct involvement in jihadi activities. But like the Muslim Brotherhood in the Arab world, the movement serves as an ideological inspiration for polarizing Muslims between "true believers" and "camp followers of the West." The Jamaat-e-Islami has built a coherent ideological case for global Islamic revivalism—a revivalism that includes the defense of violent jihad, but without identifying Jamaate-Islami clearly with militant struggle.
The Jamaat-e-Islami's leading ideologue, Professor Khurshid Ahmad, recently published a collection of essays in Urdu, Amrika: Muslim Dunya ki Bey-Itminani (America and the Unrest in the Muslim World). In this book, Ahmad argues that the United States "dreams of world domination, resolves to control the resources of other nations, wants to shape the world according to its ideas, and seeks to impose its values and ideology on others by force." Only the Islamists, he says, offer a political force capable of resisting this Pax Americana.
Ahmad's book comprises nine essays, four written before September 11, and five after the terrorist attacks in New York and Washington. In the book, he condemns the attacks but argues that the perpetrators are still unknown. "A glance at the history of Israel and [the] Zionist movement," he suggests, "gives credence to the suspicion of Mossad's role in the terrorist acts." Like all Islamists, however, Ahmad was suspicious of Western intentions long before September 11. Two of his essays on the "new world order" that emerged following the end of the Cold War, originally published in 1991 and 1993, extensively cite influential U.S. conservatives such as Samuel Huntington, Francis Fukuyama, and Eliot Cohen as proof of an insidious plan to create a century of U.S. dominance at the expense of other nations.
The framework of this U.S.-led new world order, according to Ahmad, rests on "four pillars": globalization, Western democracy, technological supremacy, and political alliances. Ahmad's suspicions of U.S. intentions during the 1990s, even as the United States was leading a military campaign on behalf of Bosnia's Muslims, can best be understood in the context of the U.S. abandonment of Afghanistan and Pakistan after the Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan. Ahmad saw the end of U.S. support for the Afghan Mujahideen as a betrayal motivated by the United States' need for a new enemy-an Islamic green menace to replace the defunct Soviet red threat. The U.S. ruling elite, he argues, in collusion with Zionist Israel and Hindu India (the Islamist "axis of evil") is bent on plundering the Islamic world of its oil and denying Muslims their rightful place in the contemporary world.
Ahmad's prescription for resisting U.S. subjugation is similar to such prescriptions from other Islamist groups: The Muslim Ummah—(the global community of believers)—must purify its ranks and become a homogenous community that can mobilize against the American-Zionist-Hindu plot. Ahmad also emphasizes Pakistan's special role in this Islamic revival. As the only Muslim country with a nuclear capability, Pakistan must expand cooperation with Iran, China, and other nations that wish to oppose the U.S. hegemon. The Americans have let Pakistan down before, he says, because their interests converge with those of India. The Chinese, however, have been among Pakistan's most reliable allies.
In effect, Ahmad advises the Islamists to reverse the mistake they made during the Cold War, when they sided with the West against godless communism in Afghanistan. The arrogance and triumphalism of the "American imperialists" require a closing of ranks among all those who oppose them.Ironically, Ahmad's arguments for a proposed alliance between the Islamic world and China parallel Huntington's prediction in his clash of civilizations thesis of an eventual "Sino-Islamic alliance" against the West.
The Deobandis
Unlike the Jamaat-e-Islami, South Asia's Deobandi groups did not originate as a political movement. The movement takes it its name from a traditional madrasa established in 1867 in the North Indian town of Deoband.The school's founder, Maulana Qasim Nanotvi, was concerned with the prospect of India's Muslims adopting and accepting western ways. His madrasa, therefore, marked the beginning of a movement to adhere to a traditional religious way of life. The Deobandis explain the decline of Islamic societies in terms of their having been seduced by the amoral and materialist accoutrements of Westernization. According to them, Muslims have lost Allah's blessings because they have deviated from the original teachings of Prophet Muhammad and the pristine ways of his earliest followers.
The tradition of Deoband was extremely hostile to British rule and committed to a literal and austere interpretation of Islam. Instead of organizing for political action, the Deobandis originally focused on establishing madrasas.During the struggle for independence from British rule, Deobandis were divided between those who supported Gandhi's Indian National Congress because of their hostility to the British and those supporting the creation of an independent Pakistan.
After Pakistan's creation, the Deobandis expanded control over the traditional religious education system and argued that a Muslim's .rst loyalty is to his religion and only then to the country of which he is a citizen or a resident.Over the years, Pakistan's Deobandis have insisted that Muslims must recognize only the religious frontiers of their Ummah and not the national frontiers. Jihad has always been central to Deobandi thinking and Deobandi scholars inspired and participated in militant campaigns against British rule throughout the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. In recent years, Deobandi ulema have articulated jihad as a sacred right and obligation, encouraging their followers to go to any country to wage jihad to protect the Muslims of that country.
The Deobandis gained considerable strength during the anti-Soviet Afghan Jihad, especially because General Ziaul Haq encouraged the establishment of madrasas for Afghan refugees as well as Pakistanis. Most of the new madrasas followed the Deoband model and had Deobandi teachers. The movement's in.uence reached its peak when the Taliban, themselves students of Deobandi madrasas in Pakistan, assumed power in Afghanistan. The Afghan Jihad ended the previous isolation of Deobandi traditionalists, linking them with global Islamist movements. Groups such as the Harkatul-Jihad-al-Islami (Movement for Islamic Jihad) that were born during the Afghan war to assist in the recruitment and ideological motivation of Afghan peasant refugees created a wider presence in Pakistan, and later in Kashmir.Once jihad was expanded to Kashmir, several Deobandi militant groups appeared on the scene with initial assistance from Pakistani intelligence.
In addition to Harkat-ul-Jihad-al-Islami, prominent Deobandi groups include Harkat-ul-Ansar (Movements of Supporters of the Faith), which changed its name to Harkat-ul-Mujahideen (Movement of Holy Warriors) after being a declared terrorist group by the United States for its involvement in kidnapping of western tourists in Kashmir. The founder of Harkat-ul-Ansar and Harkat-ul-Mujahideen, Fazlur Rehman Khalil, was one of the signatories of Osama bin Laden's fatwa declaring war against the United States. Khalil worked closely with Pakistani intelligence, and until recently continued to lead jihadi groups after changing their names once the previous name appeared on the list of global terrorist organizations. He announced his 'retirement' in January 2005, passing the baton of leadership to less well-known followers.
Harkat-ul-Mujahideen was involved in hijacking an Indian Airlines aircraft in 1999 and secured the release of one its principal ideologues and organizers, Maulana Masood Azhar, from an Indian prison. Upon his release Azhar formed the Jaish-e-Muhammad (Army of Muhammad), which was involved in the killing of Wall Street Journal reporter Daniel Pearl and high profile suicide attacks on the Kashmir legislative assembly and the Indian parliament in 2001—a few days after the 9/11 attacks in the United States. Jaish-e-Muhammad was involved in several attacks on churches in Pakistan as well as in assassination attempts on Pakistan's military ruler, General Pervez Musharraf. Although temporarily detained by Pakistani authorities under U.S. pressure, Azhar was subsequently released and is now at large, surfacing occasionally to make speeches exhorting global jihad.
The ideology of the various Deobandi jihadi groups is explained, among others, by Masood Azhar in three books: Ma'arka (The Struggle), Faza'il Jihad (The Virtue of Jihad) and Tuhfa-e-Saadat (The Gift of Virtue). Faza'il Jihad is Azhar's translation of the thirteenth century classical text on jihad by Ibn Nahhas, believed to be a disciple of Ibn Taimiyah. The book romanticizes jihad and paints a somewhat sensuous portrait of the worldly and other-worldly benefits that await the mujahid. The fact that different versions of the Ibn Nahhas book have been found in circulation among jihadi groups—from Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan to Jemaah Islamiyah (JI) in Indonesia—seems to indicate that this is the favored text of al-Qaeda-related jihadi movements.
Most contemporary Deobandi literature on jihad traces the history of Muslim grievances. According to this view, the world as shaped over the last two centuries is unfavorable to Muslims. Palestine has been taken over by the Zionists, Kashmir occupied by India, Chechnya devoured by Russia, and the Muslim sultanates in southern Philippines subjugated by Catholic Manila. The battle in each case, irrespective of the political issues involved, is one of Muslim against non-Muslim. And the Muslims' disadvantage comes from their lack of effective military power vested in the hands of the righteous.
"Every Muslim must just turn to God" is the remedy for this imbalance, according to Maulana Masood Azhar, in the foreword of his third book, The Gift of Virtue. As a tribute to the nineteenth-century Wahhabis and Sayyid Ahmed of Bareili, Azhar penned the preface of The Struggle in the mountainous redoubt where Ahmed died in battle. The fundamental argument of each one of Azhar's books, and many published speeches, appears to be that puritanical Islam faces extinction at the hands of an ascendant secular culture, just as the fledgling religion was challenged by unbelievers in its earliest days during the seventh century A.D. The Struggle is written as an invitation to young Muslims to join Jaish-e-Muhammad, complete with motivational anecdotes from the early history of Islam. For example, Azhar reminds readers of how the Battle of Badr, in A.D. 623, was won by the earliest Muslims with an ill-equipped army of 313 fighters facing Arabia's pagan tribes numbering in the thousands.
The Prophet Mohammed was forced to fight those who sought to eliminate Islam, as were his early companions. To follow their example, the Deobandi jihadis argue that Muslims must define the contemporary detractors of Islam in similar terms and fight them in a similar manner. Azhar's argument for fighting India in Kashmir is rooted in the same theological arguments that Osama bin Laden has cited in his declarations of war against the United States. The Indian military's presence in Kashmir compromises the sovereignty of Muslims in a territory over which they should actually rule, Azhar argues. Bin Laden resents the United States because its troops defile the holy land of Saudi Arabia. Azhar expresses respect for bin Laden partly because of shared beliefs and partly because bin Laden has financed jihad with his inherited wealth. For Azhar, the struggle for sovereignty is also an existential struggle for Muslims. "Submission and slavery damage our faith and religion," he writes in The Struggle. In his view, Islam risks being diluted as a system of belief unless it is politically ascendant. "The decline of Muslims," one of his colleagues argues, "started with the fading of the spirit of jihad and sacrifice."
The Wahhabis or Ahle-Hadith
Although Sayyid Ahmed's nineteenth century efforts influenced the jihadi thinking of Deobandis and the Jamaat-e-Islami, his own Wahhabi movement did not gain a large following in South Asia until recently. The Wahhabis in South Asia described themselves as "Ahle-Hadith" (People of the Prophet's Tradition). Their adoption of Hanbali religious rites and their strict condemnation of many rituals widely practiced by South Asian Muslims did not sit well with the vast Hana Sunni population.
In recent years, especially during and after the Afghan Jihad, the existing Ahle-Hadith groups were able to better organize themselves, increasing their numbers as well as their influence. A large number of Pakistani, Indian and Bangladeshi Muslims worked in Saudi Arabia and other Gulf countries and subsequently returned home with Wahhabi views. Wahhabi funding from the Gulf Arab region has also enabled Wahhabi missionaries to convert Sunni Muslims to their interpretation of Islam. More significantly, Sunni Muslims have cast aside their aversion to Wahhabi groups, creating a large number of traditional Sunnis who embrace Wahhabi political and jihadi ideas without necessarily giving up their rites and rituals.
The most significant jihadi group of Wahhabi persuasion is Lashkar-e-Taiba (The Army of the Pure) founded in 1989 by Hafiz Muhammad Saeed. Backed by Saudi money and protected by Pakistani intelligence services, Lashkar-e-Taiba became the military wing of Markaz al-Dawa wal-Irshad (Center for the Call to Righteousness). Saeed created a large campus and training facility at Muridke, outside the Pakistani metropolis of Lahore. After the U.S. froze Lashkar-e-Taiba's assets and called for it to be banned, Saeed changed his organization's name in Pakistan to Jamaat-ul-Dawa (the Society for Preaching). Pakistani authorities have been reluctant to move against either Lashkar, which continues to operate in Kashmir, or Jamaat-ul-Dawa, which operates freely in Pakistan. Lashkar-e-Taiba and Jamaat-ul-Dawa scaled down their military operations against India to help Pakistan honor its commitments to the U.S. and India. But Saeed remains free and continues to expand membership of his organization despite divisions in its leadership.
Under U.S. pressure, General Musharraf placed Jamaat-ul-Dawa on a watch list in November 2003.
Lashkar-e-Taiba has adopted a maximalist agenda for global jihad though its operations so far have been limited to Kashmir. The group justifies its ideology on the basis of the Quranic verse that says, "You are obligated to fight even though it is something you do not like" (2:216). Extrapolating from this verse, the group asserts that military jihad is a religious obligation for all Muslims. The group then defines the many circumstances in which that obligation must be carried out.
For example, a Markaz al-Dawa wal-Irshad publication titled Hum Jihad kyun Kar rahe hain? (Why Are We Waging Jihad?), declares the United States, Israel and India as existential enemies of Islam. It lists eight reasons for Jihad:

1) to eliminate evil and facilitate conversion to and practice of Islam; 2) to ensure the ascendancy of Islam; 3) to force non-Muslims to pay jizya (poll tax, paid by non-Muslims for protection from a Muslim ruler); 4) to assist the weak and powerless; 5) to avenge the blood of Muslims killed by unbelievers; 6) to punish enemies for breaking promises and treaties; 7) to defend a Muslim state; and 8) to liberate Muslim territories under non-Muslim occupation.
This list of itself is sufficient to justify a virtual state of permanent jihad."Have all the obstacles to observing the faith in the world been removed?" the unnamed author asksrhetorically, adding that non-Muslim dominance of the global system makes jihadnecessary. "Is the current world order that of kafirs (unbelievers) or of Muslims? Is the global economic system according to the wishes of Allah, which requires the end ofinterest and usury?" Jihad is described as essential to ensure ascendancy of Islam and to create circumstances whereby non-Muslims would either convert to Islam or pay jizya.Furthermore, all major powers have broken their pledges to Muslims made at one time oranother, for which they must be punished, runs the argument. "Are Muslims not beingmistreated all over the world? Are not weak Muslim men, women and children calling for help against oppression from India, Kashmir, Philippines, Chechnya, Russia, China,Bosnia and several other parts of the world? "¦ Burma's Muslims are under attack from Buddhists, who expel them from their homes "¦ Israel has pierced the dagger of its existence in the heart of the Arabs."
The Markaz/Lashkar/Jamaat-ul-Dawa movement construes Muslim territories under non-Muslim occupation in the broadest sense. "Muslims ruled Andalusia (Spain) for 800 years but they were finished to the last man. Christians now rule (Spain) and we must wrest it back from them. All of India, including Kashmir, Hyderabad, Assam, Nepal, Burma, Bihar and Junagadh were part of the Muslim empire that was lost because Muslims gave up jihad. Palestine is occupied by the Jews. The Holy Qibla-e-Awwal (First Center of Prayer) in Jerusalem is under Jewish control. Several countries such as Bulgaria, Hungary, Cyprus, Sicily, Ethiopia, Russian Turkistan and Chinese Turkistan "¦ were Muslim lands and it is our duty to get these back from unbelievers. Even parts of France reaching 90 kilometers outside Paris and some of the forests and mountains of Switzerland were home to Muslim mujahidin but are now under the occupation of unbelievers."
Some of the arguments and claims might appear historically incorrect or practically impossible but this does and will not deter a closely-knit jihadi group from raising funds, organizing cadres and fielding militants or terrorists in pursuit of a broadly defined global jihad aimed at the revival of Islam's global ascendancy and eventual domination.
 

sayareakd

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I can't imagine some Pakistanis still clinging to this canard.

Would you make heroes out of the killers of your own forefathers just because you had a terrible paranoia by a brainwashed Arab or Afghan wannabe!
actually some of them have suffered from complex that is why what to compare them with us. what else, prithvi missile names seems to them as prithvi raj.
 

Vinod2070

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actually some of them have suffered from complex that is why what to compare them with us. what else, prithvi missile names seems to them as prithvi raj.
I know. Some buffoon made a mistake and all the nation is clinging to it forever.
 

ajtr

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and kasab cant be history coz....

PAKISTAN A NUCLEUS OF TERROR
Terror as Policy


A Reference Site on Terrorism Exported from the Islamic Republic of Pakistan



1. The Iron Grip Tightens Yet Again[/B] was posted on an Indian military discussion forum on 15-11-1999. The source of the article is unknown, but its author is MK Narayanan, former chief of the Intelligence Bureau of India, an agency which focuses on internal intelligence gathering and counter-terror, and plays some of the roles taken up by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) in the US.

2. The Deadly Game was published in the 'London Times' of August 6, 1999. It had the sub-headline: Foreign interference is destabilising Afghanistan.

3. Pakistan's Compulsions for the Kargil Misadventure is a paper by Bidanda M. Chengappa, published in 'Strategic Analysis', a publication of the Institute for Defence Studies and Analysis (IDSA), based in New Delhi, and associated with the Ministry of Defence. It was published in the second half of 1999. Mr. Chengappa is a Senior Fellow at IDSA.

4. India-Pakistan: End of zero-sum game? This article is by Ejaz Haider in The Friday Times of Pakistan, dated Feb 4-10, 2000. In the article, Haider asks whether Pakistan's pro-active Kashmir policy based on the forces of jihad is compatible with other more compelling interests.

5. Dagestan: Focus On Pakistan's Tablighi Jamaat is by B. Raman, Additional Secretary (Retd), Cabinet Secretariat, Govt. of India, and at present Director, Institute for Topical Studies, Chennai (former Madras). He can be reachedby e-mail at: [email protected]. The article was dated 15/9/1999 and published at the website of South Asia Analysis Group (SAAG) at: www.saag.org

6. This extract on Tablighi Jamaat's Activities in the US is from an article by B. Raman, Additional Secretary (Retd), Cabinet Secretariat, Govt. of India, and at present Director, Institute for Topical Studies, Chennai (former Madras). The article is titled 'Dagestan: Focus On Pakistan's Tablighi Jamaat'. Mr. Raman can be reached by e-mail at: [email protected]. The article was dated 15/9/1999 and published at the website of South Asia Analysis Group (SAAG) at: www.saag.org

7. This extract on Tablighi Jamaat's Activities in the Central Asian Republics, Chechnya & Dagestan is from an article by B. Raman, Additional Secretary (Retd), Cabinet Secretariat, Govt. of India, and at present Director, Institute for Topical Studies, Chennai (former Madras). The article is titled 'Dagestan: Focus On Pakistan's Tablighi Jamaat'. Mr. Raman can be reached by e-mail at: [email protected]. The article was dated 15/9/1999 and published at the website of South Asia Analysis Group (SAAG) at: www.saag.org.

8. Turn-the-Other-Cheek Diplomacy is by noted columnist Jim Hoagland of the Washington Post. This article was published on Thursday, January 27, 2000 (Page A27). It takes the State Department to task for engaging Pakistan without tangible results.

9. Proxy War in Kashmir: Jehad or State-Sponsored Terrorism? This is a paper by Gurmeet Kanwal, Senior Fellow, Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses, New Delhi. It was published in April 1999, just one month before the "Kargil crisis" erupted with the insertion of Pakistani troops into the Indian sector of the high Himalayas.

10. U.S. Pressures Pakistan to Cut Ties With Extremist Groups - Indian Airlines Hijackers Linked to Islamabad Intelligence is by John Lancaster, Washington Post Staff Writer. It was published on Wednesday, January 26, 2000; Page A02

11. The Road to Holy Terror is by M. Ilyas Khan. It was a brief Note in 'The Herald' magazine of Pakistan, January 2000 issue, datelined Kabul

12. The New Threat of Nuclear Terrorism is from the June 8 issue of Jerusalem Post's online edition. It is by Yonah Alexander, professor and director, Terrorism Studies Program, The George Washington University and senior fellow at the Morris E. Curiel Center for International Studies, Tel Aviv University. The article is located at: http://www.jpost.com/com/Archive/08.Jun.1998/Opinion/Article-1.html

13. The Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) of Pakistan is by Maj Gen Ashok Krishna AVSM (Retd) Deputy Director, IPCS. This is Article No: 191, dated 25 May 1999, at the website of the Institute for Peace and Conflict Studies (IPCS), which is at www.ipcs.org.in

14. US Foreign Policy and Rogue States is by Barry Rubin, Deputy Director of the BESA Center for Strategic Studies and Editor of The Journal of Turkish Politics and Foreign Policy and The Middle East Review of International Affairs. This article gives an understanding of the bases on which the US determines which countries are "rogue states".

15. Pakistan—The Chief Patron-Promoter of Islamic Militancy and Terrorism is by P.B. Sinha. This paper was published by the Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses (IDSA), New Delhi. The article is accessible through the IDSA site: www.idsa-india.org

16. A Foreign Policy that Can't Be Changed is by Khaled Ahmed, Executive Editor of the Friday Times, a Pakistani newspaper. It was dated Jan28-Feb.3, 2000. The URL at which it was located - http://www.thefridaytimes.com/news9.htm is no longer valid.

17. Testimony by Director of Central Intelligence George J. Tenet Before the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence on The Worldwide Threat in 2000: Global Realities of Our National Security. The testimony is located at: http://www.cia.gov/cia/public_affairs/speeches/dci_speech_020200.html

18. Killers in Their Midst was published in Newsweek International, February 14, 2000. It was written by Steve LeVine and Zahid Hussain with support from Ismail Khan in Peshawar and Munir Ahmed in Lahore.

19. The Muridke Terrorist Gathering and its geo-political environment is examined in an article was published in Vol. 56, No. 1, pp. 14-16, of the Bulletin of Atomic Scientists, January/February 2000. It was written by Mohammed Ahmedullah, a special correspondent with the Business Standard in New Delhi. He was a Bulletin visiting fellow in 1999. The article can be found at: http://www.bullatomsci.org/issues/2000/jf00/jf00ahmedullah.html

20. Pakistan's Kashmir Strategy is a research paper by Yossef Bodansky. At the time of writing the paper, he was the Director of the Task Force on Terrorism and Unconventional Warfare of the U.S. Congress, as well as the World Terrorism Analyst with the Freeman Center for Strategic Studies (Houston TX). Mr. Bodansky is a contributing editor of Defense and Foreign Affairs; Strategic Policy, the author of three books (Target America, Terror, and Crisis in Korea), several book chapters, and numerous articles in several periodicals including Global Affairs, JANE's Defence Weekly,Defense and Foreign Affairs; Strategic Policy, Business Week. In the 1980s, he acted as a senior consultant for the Department of Defense and the Department of State. The paper can be found on line through: http://freeman.io.com

21. Islamabad's Road Warriors is a research paper by Yossef Bodansky, World Terrorism Analyst with the Freeman Center for Strategic Studies (Houston TX). See above.

22. Pakistan's Nuclear Brinkmanship is a research paper by Yossef Bodansky, World Terrorism Analyst with the Freeman Center for Strategic Studies (Houston TX). See above

23. Pakistan's Assertive Regional Strategy -- [From The Task Force On Terrorism And Unconventional Warfare, House Republican Research Committee, House Of Representatives, Washington, Dc, Aug. 24, 1994]. Extension of Remarks - September 12, 1994, by Hon. Bill McCollum in the House of Representatives. Dated Monday, September 12, 1994.

24. Musharraf Showing Afghan-based Militants the Way to Kashmir was published in mid-February 2000 at the website of Stratfor, a leading web-based analysis centre of strategic and intelligence grade information. Stratfor is based in the United States of America. The article is located at: http://www.stratfor.com/asia/commentary/c0002150226.htm

25. Hands Tied, India Caves in to Hijackers is by Tony Karon, for TIME Magazine, of 01/01/00. It shows how the Afghan authorities, the Pakistani handlers and the hijackers co-ordinated the approach to force New Delhi's hand in the hijacking of Indian Airlines jet IC 814.

26. US has evidence about ISI involvement in Indian Airlines Hijacking is by B.L. Kak, published in the 'Daily Excelsior', a newspaper in Jammu & Kashmir. It is dated Jan. 2, 2000.

27. Freed Militants in Pakistan is a report dated 5 January, 2000, 19:51 GMT, by the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC). The title refers to the fact that the Islamic militants freed by India in exchange for the hostages of the Indian Airlines IC 814 hijacking had surfaced on Pakistani territory. The article was sourced from: http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/world/south_asia/newsid_591000/591660.stm

28. Destroy India and US is by Zahid Hussain of the Associated Press. It was published at the following website on Jan. 6, 2000. http://www.phillynews.com/inquirer/2000/Jan/06/international/KASHMIR06.htm

29. UK Asks Pakistan to Curb Militant Groups is by Aamir Ghauri, published in 'The News' daily of Pakistan on Jan. 28, 2000. It refers to the growing international pressure on Pakistan to end its backing for terrorist groups.

30. Reviewing Foreign Policy was published in The News daily of Pakistan, of the Jang newspaper group, on Feb. 19, 2000. It is written by Imtiaz Alam and was featured in the Op-Ed section. It examines the dire straits in which Pakistani foreign policy finds itself today. Readers may note that Mr. Alam takes for granted that Pakistan has become a state sponsor of violence in other countries. The article is located at: http://www.jang.com.pk/thenews/feb2000-daily/19-02-2000/oped/o3.htm

31. Pakistani Sponsorship of Terrorism is by by B. Raman, Additional Secretary (Retd), Cabinet Secretariat, Govt. of India, and at present Director, Institute for Topical Studies, Chennai (former Madras). He can be reached by e-mail at: [email protected]. The article was dated 25/2/2000 and published at the website of South Asia Analysis Group (SAAG) at: www.saag.org.

32. Onslaught by Taliban Leaves Many Afghans Dead or Homeless was published in The New York Times of Oct. 18, 1999. It is written by Barry Bearak, datelined Azarak, Afghanistan. It details the involvement of Pakistani irregulars in massacres on Afghan territory.
 
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hit&run

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Mine is on topic: :)

One of the Pakistani policeman pretended to be dead when Sri Lankan Team's bus was attacked and started celebrating when terrorist left that place.
 

ajtr

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TERROR MAP OF PAKISTAN

Pakistan-based terror outfits

Lashkar-e-Jhangvi (LeJ)

Sunni

Banned on August 14, 2001.

Initially headed by Riaz Basra, who was killed in 2002.

LeJ then came under the control of Maulana Azam Tariq who was assassinated in October 2003.

Currently headed by Maulana Mohammad Ahmad Ludhianvi, a member of the International Islamic Front (IIF).

A Deobandi organisation.

LeJ was formed in 1996 as a breakaway group of Sipah-e-Sahaba.

It was behind the assassination attempt on then Pakistan Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif on January 3, 1999 in Lahore.

It was also involved in the murder of Wall Street Journal reporter Daniel Pearl, in two attempts on the life of General Musharraf, one on former Prime Minister Abdul Aziz, the July 2006 London airlines plot and the attack on the US Consulate in Karachi in March 2006.

Sipah Mohammad (SM)
Shia

Banned on August 14, 2001.

Created in 1993 to counter the Sunni Sipah-e-Sahaba Pakistan (SSP).

Its political wing is TJP (Tehrik Jaffria Pakistan).

It morphed into the ITEP (Islami Tehrik-e-Pakistan)

TJP morphed into the ITEP (Islami Tehrik-e-Pakistan)

Was banned by Pakistan on January 15, 2002.


Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT, Army of the Pure)

Sunni Wahhabi

Banned by Pakistan on January 15, 2002.

Member of the International Islamic Front (IIF)

Launched in 1991.

Pan-Islamic jihadi organisation.

Part of Ahl-e-Hadis (or Hadith). Dominated by Punjabis, it recruits only sub-continental muslims.

The January 15 ban order was not applicable to Pakistan occupied Kashmir (PoK), Northern Alliance (NA) and the Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA).

Later was named a global terrorist group by the US.

Amir: Prof Hafeez Mohammed Saeed (a former professor of Lahore Engineering. College)

Patron: Nazimuddin Shamzai of Binori Mosque in Karachi, who was also a teacher of both Maulana Masood Azhar, and Mullah Omar of the Taleban.

Hafeez Sayeed was a co-founder, along with Abdullah Azzam, of Maktab-al-Khidmat (Office of Service) in Peshawar, 1979, to help the Arab jihadis. He was nominated to be a member of Pakistan`s Council of Islamic Ideology (CII) by then President Gen. Zia-ul-Haq.

The choice of the name, Lashkar-e-Taiba, is no surprise since Pakistan itself means the Land of the Pure.

The main training centre is located in Muzzafarabad, PoK. The group also has several launching camps along the LoC - even training camps in the Kunnar province of Afghanistan.

Reported to have over 1,000 offices across Pakistan to recruit jihadis and collect funds. The Indian Parliament attack of December 13, 2001 was jointly carried out by the LeT and the Jaish-e-Mohammed (JeM).

Declared as a `foreign terrorist organisation` by the US State Department in October 2001.

Its parent body is Markaz Dawa Wa Irshad (Centre for Religious Learning and Social Welfare). Markaz has its Islamic University at Muridke, about 50 Km from Lahore. The Muridke campus is spread over 200 acres and is a self-contained one. It was built with heavy Saudi funding. The complex has two schools, an Islamic university and a mosque, as well as paddy fields, fish farms and stables for livestock.

Annual conventions held at Muridke are attended by military and political figures. Overall Commander - Zaki-ur-Rahman Lakhvi, India Commander - Muzammil (aka Yusuf or Abu Hurrera).

Markaz Dawa Wa Irshad morphed into JuD (Jama`at-ud-Dawah).

Recent reports suggest it may have a newer name Idara Khidmat-e-Khalq.

Jama`at-ud-Dawah also runs a number of mainstream educational institutions (unlike madrassah). There are 200 model schools and two science colleges run by JuD. It uses special textbooks with jihadi examples. JuD split into JuD and Khairun Naas (People`s Welfare) on July 18, 2004. JuD was put on a watchlist by the Government of Pakistan in November 2003. However, Pakistan had earlier refused to freeze the bank accounts of JuD under UN Resolution 1373 claiming that the JuD was a charity organisation. But it was eventually forced to act after the December 11, 2008 sanctions by the UN Security Council.

Jaish-e-Mohammed (JeM, Army of Mohammed)

Came into being on 31 January 2000, exactly one month after Maulana Masood Azhar was released from the Indian prison.

Banned by Pakistan on January 15, 2002.

Headquartered in Bahawalpur.

The January 15 ban order was not applicable to Pakistan Occupied Kashmir (PoK), Northern Alliance (NA) and Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA)

Amir: Maulana Masood Azhar

Deputy Amir: Mufti Abdul Rauf (Brother of Maulana Masood Azhar)

Formed after Maulana Masood Azhar was released from Indian jail in exchange for the release of passengers of the hijacked Indian Airlines plane IC-814.

Azhar disappeared from house arrest in Bahawalpur in 2003.

He was a close friend of Osama bin Laden from his Sudan days.

Was against the deployment of Pakistani troops in Somalia under the UN and took part in the killing of 24 Pakistani troops in Mogadishu. Also wrote a booklet against Pakistani troops in Somalia and even distributed it in Pakistan.

Member of the International Islamic Front (IIF).

Patron: Nazimuddin Shamzai of Binori Mosque in Karachi, who is also a teacher of both Masood Azhar and Mullah Omar of Taleban.

JeM is a pan-Islamic jihadi organisation.

It was involved along with the LeT in the attack on the Indian Parliament on December 13, 2001.

Declared as a Ã,Â"Foreign terrorist OrganizationÃ,Â" by the US State Department in October 2001.

Morphed into KeI (Khuddam-e-Islam)

Runs a charity organization, Al-Akhtar trust, as a front.

Runs a terrorist training camp in Balakot, North West Frontier Province.

Breakaway faction of KeI is Jamaatul Furqan headed by Abdul Jabbar (Banned in November 2003)


Al-Badr Mujahideen

It fought in East Pakistan (1970) and under Gulbuddin HekmatyarÃ,Â's Hizb-e-Islami in Afghanistan.

Named after the historic Battle of Badr (near Mecca) fought and won by Prophet Mohammed.

Amir: Bakht Zameen

Normally, the cadres are highly educated.

Considered close to PakistanÃ,Â's Inter Services Intelligence (ISI).

Dominated by Pushtun recruits - not just sub-continental muslims, but Afghans and Arabs too.

Headquarters at Manshera, North West Frontier Province (NWFP).

Al-Badr was responsible for the genocide in East Pakistan in 1971.

Disbanded by the ISI after 1971 and again resurrected in the 80s to fight in Afghanistan.


Harkat-ul-Jihad-al-Islami (HuJI)

Amir : Qari Saifullah Akhtar aka Ali Akbar

Founded in 1984 by Qari Saifullah Akhtar and Fazlur Rehman Khalil who later broke away to form his own group, the Harkat-ul-Mujahideen (HuM).

Qari Saifullah Akhtar, a Pashtun from Waziristan, was involved along with Army officers Maj. Gen. Zaheerul Islam Abbassi and Brig. Mustansar Billah in September 1995 in a military coup to establish an Islamic dictatorship in Pakistan.

Was planning to kill Benazir Bhutto in 1995 and Gen. Abdul Waheed Kakkar, the then Chief of Army Staff (COAS)

Parent organisation: Harkat-ul-Ansar (HuA).

Parted from the HuA after it was banned.

Qari Saifullah Akhtar was an adviser to Mullah Omar of Afghanistan and a graduate of the Binori Masjid, Karachi.

Disappeared (probably to the Middle East) from Pakistan.

Arrested in Dubai and extradited to Pakistan on August 8, 2004.

HuJI is a member of the International Islamic Front (IIF). It operates in Poonch, Rajouri and Doda.

Has a strong following within the Pakistani army as well as in Bangladesh.

Also suspected, along with the JeM, of being involved in two abortive attempts on the life of General Musharraf in December 2003

HuJI calls itself `second line of defence` of all Muslim states


Hizb-ul-Tahrir (HuT, Freedom Party)

Banned on November 20, 2003.

Amir: Naveed Butt

ItÃ,Â's a Birmingham-based Pakistani outfit.

Has its roots in the Middle East since 1950s (mainly among Palestinians).

Advocates Khilafa (Caliphate) and Ã,Â"pure IslamÃ,Â".

Many of its cadres were arrested in Uzbekistan after being suspected of involvement in the July 30, 2004 attacks on the Israeli and US embassies.



Tehreek-e-Nafaz-e-Shariat-e-Mohammadi (TNSM, Movement for the Enforcement of Islamic Laws)

Wahhabi

Banned on January 15, 2002.

Amir: Maulana Sufi Muhammad

Established in 1989.

Maulana Sufi Muhammad left Jama`at-e-Islami (JI) to start the TNSM.

The Maulana`s philosophy is that islamisation cannot be brought about through Parliamentary democracy. The Supreme Court`s striking down of the Provincially Administered Tribal Areas (PATA) Regulations as unconstitutional in 1994 strengthened the Sufi`s hands. Swat, which was a Khanate, merged with Pakistan in 1969 and PATA regulations replaced existing laws of Swat.

Maulana Sufi Muhammad had been in jail ever since his return from Afghanistan with his supporters in 2002. Awarded life imprisonment for taking hundreds of men across the border to fight for the Taleban against the Americans.

Was released as part of the `peace deal` in April 2008 under the promise that he would not indulge in jihad against Pakistan.

TNSM is currently being run by the AmirÃ,Â's son-in-law Maulana Fazlullah who runs an unlicensed FM Radio station in Swat.

He is fond of riding horses. His followers are called Black Turbans, by the colour of the turbans they wear. His militant unit is referred to as the Shaheen Commando Force.

The Pakistani Government reached a peace deal with TNSMÃ,Â's Maulana Fazlullah on May 22, 2007 after which he was allowed to operate the radio station in return for not interfering in Government activities.

Operates primarily in the tribal belt in Swat and the adjoining districts of FATA such as Malakand and Bajaur. The US forces fired a missile at the TNSMÃ,Â's seminary in Bajaur on October 6, 2006 killing several people.

Demands implementation of Shariah. Directly challenges American forces in Afghanistan.

Supports Taleban and is linked to Al-Qaeda.

Killed PPP Member of NWFP Provincial Assembly Badiuzzaman in 1994.

Responsible for killing 44 Pakistani military cadets at the Punjab regimental Centre in Dargai in November 2006 in response to the October missile attack on the TNSM seminary.

Killed a major and a lieutenant along with two soldiers of the Pakistan army in Malakand on July 6, 2007 in retaliation for action at the Lal Masjid by the Pakistani Army.

Two suicide bombers of TNSM rammed their car into a military truck near Mingora killing 33 Pakistani soldiers. They have also beheaded 10 soldiers.


Harkat-ul-Mujahideen-al-Aalmi (HMA, meaning HUM, International)

A breakaway faction of HUM.

Amir: Mohammed Imran Bhai

Mohammed Imran was handed a life sentence by a Karachi Anti-Terrorism court for his role in the assassination attempt on President Musharraf on April 24, 2002.

It is a highly-trained mysterious terrorist organisation.

In Image: A group of masked terrorists.


Jandullah (Army of Allah)

Headquartered in Karachi.

Created by Khaled Sheikh Mohammed now detained in Guantanomo Bay.

Formed by the Uzbeks and Chechens in South Waziristan in 2004.

In 2004, Jundullah operatives attempted to assassinate the commander of the Karachi-based V Corps, Lieutenant-General Ahsan Saleem Hayat.

Jundullah also executed a suicide bombing near the US consulate in Karachi in March 2006 on the eve of President George Bush`s visit.

Amir: Ata-ur-Rahman (Arrested for the attempt on the life of Lt Gen Ahsan Saleem Hayat)

Has a Masters in Statistics from Karachi. Sentenced to death for attempting to kill Musharraf.

Deputy Amir: Masoob Aroochi, a nephew of Khalid Sheikh Mohammed (Also arrested. Whereabouts not known. Possibly extradited to the US)

Currently led by Baitullah Mehsud and Tahir Yuldashev of IMU (Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan). Commits bank robberies to generate funds.



Jundullah

Not to be confused with Jandullah.

Operates out of Balochistan, attacking Iran.

Supported by Pakistan`s secret agencies.

Amir: Abdolmalek Rigi

The Rigis are members of IranÃ,Â's ethnic Balochi minority, who can also be found in Pakistan and Afghanistan. Jundullah claims that the group fights for the rights of Sunni Muslims oppressed by IranÃ,Â's Shia government.


Sunni Tehrik

Berelvi militant organisation founded in 1992 for protecting Berelvi interests against Deobandi SSP and Wahhabi LeT onslaught.

Offshoot of Jamaat-ahl-e-Sunnat (Organisation of the Followers of the Sunnah), the Berelvi organisation. Has been fighting to regain mosques usurped by other sects.

Amir: Saeed Qadri (Murdered in May 2001)

Amir: Abbas Qadri (Murdered at Nishtar Park, Karachi on April 11, 2006)
Amir: Mohammed Sarwat Ejaz Qadri. Member of the IIF.


Sipah-e-Sahaba Pakistan

(Army of the Prophet`s Companions)
Often dubbed the mother of all terrorist organisations.

Renamed the Millat-e-Islamia-Pakistan on April 6, 2006.

Sunni, Wahhabi. Anti-Shia

Amir: Allama Ali Sher Hyderi and Brig (Retd) Zaheer ul Islam Abbasi (who attempted a military coup in 1995).

Dr Khadim Hussain Dhilon - Secretary General

Banned by Pakistan on January 15, 2002.

Headquartered at Masjid-e-Siddique Akbar, Nagan Chowrangi, Karachi. The SSP morphed into MEIP (Millat-e-Islamia Pakistan). Morphed again into the Ahle Sunnat wa Aljamaat Pakistan (ASWJP).

Originally formed in September 1985 by Maulana Haq Nawaz Jhangwi, Maulana Ziaur Rehman Farooqi, Maulana Eesarul Haq Qasmi and Maulana Azam Tariq, all known for their anti-Shia views. Maulana Jhangvi was assassinated in 1990, probably by Shi`as, after his virulent anti-Khomeini actions.

Azam Tariq, a Punjabi, was very popular in Pashtun Khurram Agency, where there has been ongoing Shia-Sunni clashes in Parachinar, a stronghold of Shi`as. Assassinated on October 6, 2003.

Heavily funded by the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) and the Government of Pakistan.

In Image: Pakistani members of the Sipah-e-Sahaba Pakistan (SSP) stand guard as other members protest the killing of their local party leader Aslam Farooqi in Peshawar on August 13, 2007.



Al-Muhajiroun

Founded in London by Omar Bakri Mohammed. The Pakistani branch of Al-Muhajiroun was started in 2003. Al-Muhajiroun has become adept at inducting educated Westernised Muslim youth into jihad.

The July 7 London bombers of Pakistani origin were radicalised by this group.


Khudamul Furqan

Banned

Amir: Maulana Abdul Jabbar

Sunni Deobandi

Merged with the Jamiatul Ansar in February 2007 (Earlier name of Jamiatul Ansar is Harkatul Mujahideen, HUM)

Maulana Jabbar was arrested in connection with the attempt on General Musharraf`s life at Rawalpindi, but was released in October 2006.

Khudamul Furqan has been involved in attacks on churches in Pakistan.

Maulana Jabbar was originally with Harkatul Ansar and saw action in Afghanistan and later joined the Jaish-e-Mohammed (JeM) after 9/11. He split from the JeM to form Khudamul Furqan when he developed differences with Masood Azhar of JeM.

In Image: A masked terrorist seen here in the 12-minute film Bhalo Rakhoni Bhoy, directed by TripuraÃ,Â's Raikishori Ganguly, a victim of militancy himself.


Tanzeem-ul-Ikhwan

Sunni Extremist

Founded in mid-90s by Muhammad Akram Awan, a retired soldier of the Pakistani Army.

Has many retired Pakistani army soldiers in its ranks.

Headquartered at Munara (near Islamabad)

Amir: Akram Awan

Taleban supporter.


Zafar Group

Amir: Qari Mohammed Zafar

This is a splinter group of the Lashkar-e-Jhangvi and is headquartered in South Waziristan.

Runs terror training camps in South Waziristan with Pakistani, Uzbek trainers.

Zafar group targets Shiites and has close links with Al Qaeda.


Tariq-e-Nifaz-e-Fiqh-e-Jaafaaria (TNFJ)

ShiÃ,Â'a terrorist organisation.

Formed in 1983 under the leadership of a Turi Shia of Parachinar, Allama Ariful Hussaini.

Allama Hussaini was murdered in Peshawar in August 1988, widely believed to be under General Zia`s order.

General Zia was killed within a fortnight in an air crash.

The then NWFP Governor Lt. Gen Fazle Haq was also killed in 1991 as he was suspected of complicity in the murder of Allama Hussaini.

Later changed its name to Tehreek-e-Jafaaria-Pakistan (TJP)

Mukhtar Force is a part of TNFJ created ostensibly to protect the places of worship.


Tehreek-e-Taleban Pakistan (TTP)

Banned

Emerged in the FATA areas of the North Western Frontier Province (NWFP) in 2007.

About 40 local Taliban leaders announced the formation of TTP on December 14, 2007 to centralise their command.

Amir: Baitullah Mehsud (of South Waziristan)

First Naib Amir was Maulana Hafiz Gul Bahadur of North Waziristan.

Second Naib Emir was Faqir Mohammed of Bajaur.

Spokesperson - Maulvi Umar

Has a shura (consultative committee) of 40 senior Taleban leaders from the entire NWFP area (including FATA and Settled Areas)

Aim: To enforce Sharia, to unite against the NATO forces in Afghanistan, carry out defensive jihad against the Pakistan Army if needed, and to be the dominant force in Pakistan.

Banned by Pakistan on August 25, 2008.

Baitullah Mehsud hails from South Waziristan.



Lashkar-e-Islam

Amir: Mangal Bagh

Established by Mufti Munir Shakir from Khurram Agency in 2005.

Established to counter the Ansar Islam of another warlord Saif-ur-Rehman.

After Mufti Munir Shakir was jailed for the Nishtar Park bombing, Mangal Bagh took over.

Mangal Bagh controls Peshawar and suburbs.


Brigade 313

A five-member coalition of Jihadi organisations launched in 2001 to avenge the invasion of Afghanistan. 313 is the number of warriors in the battle of Badr in Prophet MohammedÃ,Â's time. Comprises LeT, JeM, HuJI, HMA and LeJ.

Amir: Mohammed Inran Bhai



Harkat-ul-Ansar (HuA)

HuJI and Harkat-ul-Mujahideen (HUM) were merged in Kashmir in 1993 for better coordination and called as Harkat-ul-Ansar. They both trace their origins to the Binori mosque madrassah in Karachi. Before the merger, the HUM was headed by Maulana Fazlur Rahman Khalil and HuJI by Qari Saifullah Akhtar (arrested in Dubai and extradited to Pakistan on August 6, 2004).

When they were merged, Maulana Fazlur Rahman Khalil became the Amir and Qari Akhtar, Deputy Amir. Another important member of the HUA was Amjad Hussain Farooqi (killed in an encounter in Nawabshah, Sindh on September 26, 2004). One of its commanders formed an ancillary unit called Al Faran.

HuA was the first to be declared by the USA as a foreign terrorist organisation in October 1997. It then dissolved itself and split into its original components, HuJI and HUM. Qari Saifullah Akhtar resumed the leadership of HuJI and made Amjad Farooqi his deputy.

It is widely believed that HUA was the creation of Gen. Nasirullah Babar when Benazir was the PM and he was the Minister for Interior Affairs.

Declared to be a Foreign Terrorist Organisation by the US in 1995.

Tehreek Islami Lashkar-e-Mohammedi

Formed in Karachi in February 2008.

Appears to be an umbrella organisation of the LeT, JeM and HM.

Announced promulgation of Shariah throughout Pakistan.

Amir: Wajahat alias Sami alias Gulfam alias Mansoor

Arrested in Karachi mid-2008.

The Islamic Jihad Union (IJU)

Splinter organisation of Al Qaeda.

Operates in FATA of NWFP.

In Image: A terrorist seen with the quÃ,Â'ran in one hand and a rocket launcher in the other.


Harkat-ul-Mujahideen (HUM)

Sunni Deobandi.

Banned in November 2001.

Amir - Fazlur Rahman Khaleel

Member of the International Islamic Front (IIF).

Pan-Islamic jihadi organisation.

Aim: `To raise funds for jihad and attract people for the cause`.

Parent organisation for such terrorist organisations as JeM, HuA. Designated as a Foreign terrorist organisation by the US in 1998. Morphed into JA (Jamaitul Ansar).

Banned in November 2003, Jamiatul Ansar is currently led by Maulana Badar Munir.

HUM resurfaced in Karachi in August 2008 as Al Hilal Trust. HUM split into another faction headed by Maulana Masood Azhar who was released from Indian jail to terminate the 1999 Kandahar hijacking of IC-814 flight from Kathmandu.
 

ajtr

Tihar Jail
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Emo,
And kasab wont be history coz.......


Paths of terrorism lead but to Pakistan

The adoption of terrorism tactics can no longer be merely attributed to ignorance, poverty, deprivation or hardship.

Many of our neo-terrorists are schooled and brainwashed beings, with a grudge, or several grudges, imbued with bravado, intent on disrupting what is left of civilised life, with nary a care as to how many complete strangers they either blow to smithereens or maim, or how much they destroy.

Pakistan of course has its daily dose of terrorism, in one form or another. Schools are blown up with regularity in the newly-named K-P province, bodies of men executed by the local Taliban are found, men have their hands chopped off, women are 'dishonoured' and our main cities are under siege, bunkered and concreted, awaiting the suicide bomber from up north or from down south in Punjab where they are said to be heavily congregated (for one, Ajmal Kasab).

Unless one of those strange and much despised creatures known as VIPs or often VVIPs are targeted, suicide and other bombings no longer earn headlines in the media. They are now taken as a matter of course.

But apart from terrorism connections within Pakistan, we have those outside Pakistan, the paths of which lead straight into our heartland. The latest New York Times Square failed car bomber is but one of a string of notable Pakistanis who have garnered academic degrees and are not materially down and out in any way. What is it about Pakistan that it manages to produce so many young men who are violence prone, caring neither for their own or other people's lives? We seriously need to ask ourselves this question.

It was asked and partially answered in the Wall Street Journal of May 3 by Sadanand Dhume under the heading 'Why Pakistan Produces Jihadists'. He firstly asks: "Why do Pakistan and the Pakistani diaspora churn out such a high proportion of the world's terrorists?" He cites Mir Aimal Kasi, the CIA shooter, Ramzi Yousef, the 1993 World Trade Centre bomber, Khalid Sheikh Mohammed of 9/11 fame, Omar Saeed Sheikh, the Daniel Pearl kidnapper, and three of the four July 2005 London train bombers as being 'made in Pakistan'.

He goes on to list a few "whose passage to jihadism passes through" Pakistan — Osama bin Laden himself, Ayman al-Zawahiri, Mohamed Atta, Richard Reid and his shoe, and John Walker Lindh of the so-called American Taliban. These are not lists to be proud of. Something is radically wrong and heaven alone knows how long it will take to even start to put it right. With the governments and leadership we have suffered and still suffer it is not likely that in the foreseeable future our production line will decrease, let alone cease.

Dhume puts much of it down to the distant past, to the formation of the country when he claims it "was touched by the messianic zeal of pan-Islamism", with men such as Muhammad Asad (an early ambassador to the UN), Said Ramadan who collaborated with Abul Ala Maududi and with the 1949 establishment by Pakistan of the world's first transnational Islamic organisation, the World Muslim Congress.

All this possibly may have set the trend — with massive help from Liaquat Ali Khan's 1949 Objectives Resolution — but it was not until Ziaul Haq, army general and devout worshipper at the altar of his own dangerous brand of Islam, that bigotry and the inevitable violence that must accompany it truly set in. Even the mighty army was tainted, to a certain extent brainwashed by the joys of jihad.

The seal on the full conversion of the Pakistani mind towards militancy was stamped by the support given by Zia to the Mujahideen in Afghanistan and then by the adoption of the Taliban by Benazir Bhutto's second government.

No one, not even the most nationalistic Pakistani, can deny that the country is used as a training ground for terrorists or jihadists or whatever.

It is open knowledge that both the ignorant poor and deprived and the university-educated youth, and even adult men, can come to Pakistan and learn how to make bombs to blow up themselves, if they so wish, and as many others that they can either take with them or leave dead and maimed while they flee.

Can some bright psychologist work out why Faisal Shahzad, a college graduate, son of a Pakistani air force officer, married with two children, was prompted to do what he did on May Day?

Friend I.A. Rehman has written an excellent column, finely tuned and finely balanced, published in this newspaper on May 6 on the subject of anarchy in Pakistan. It sets out many of the acts of government in recent days which come under the heading of anarchy. It should be widely disseminated so that people realise just what their lives are all about under this present dispensation which is at as much a loss with itself as it is with the governance of this unruly country. It is a sad commentary on the seemingly deliberate acts of commission and omission which so relentlessly beset us.

Strangely, the sole anarchic activity he has missed out on is the terrorism and jihad factor. Perhaps he, like so many, is hardened to the fact that it exists, that it has become a way of life and that it seemingly cannot be dealt with by the civilian government we have lurking on the ground, or will not be dealt with, for reasons we can but guess at, by the army that is the de facto ruler of this country for which the world at large has no love lost.
 

Agantrope

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AJTR, i was about to reply to this thread, but man you got steam rolling over this thread. Knowledge talks wisdom listens
 

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