Loss aversion is intricately linked to risk aversion, according to which a risk-averse person would avoid a lottery to get some fixed payoff lying between the extreme values of the lottery.
In the case above, the trade-off would be between losing the cultural identity vis-a-vis losing material comfort. If the chance of losing the cultural identity is higher, the people, who risk the chance of losing this identity, are pushed more towards extremism compared to the general population.
Now, where does education chip in this scenario? Education not only opens new avenues for personal discovery and employment, but also helps one to develop a world view. Now these educated people with world view are the ones to realize and feel the growing insignificance of their belief system. So, they would turn more towards extremism to stop the drowning civilization and try to recruit others for this cause. Some evidence for the same:
Education, Poverty, Political Violence and Terrorism: Is There a Causal Connection?
Abstract from the paper
So, I think your direction of thought linking loss aversion to extremism in this case makes a lot of sense.